美国军用悍马.docx

美国军用悍马.docx

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美国军用悍马

Humvee

TheHighMobilityMultipurposeWheeledVehicle（HMMWV）,commonlyknownastheHumvee,isafour-wheeldrivemilitarylighttruckproducedbyAMGeneral.Ithaslargelysupplantedtherolesoriginallyperformedbytheoriginaljeep,andotherssuchastheVietnam-eraM1511/4ton,theM561"GamaGoat",theirM718A1andM792ambulanceversions,theCommercialUtilityCargoVehicle（CUCV）,andotherlighttrucks.PrimarilyusedbytheUnitedStatesmilitary,itisalsousedbynumerousothercountriesandorganizationsandevenincivilianadaptations.TheHumvee'swidespreaduseinthePersianGulfWar,whereitnegotiatedthetreacherousdesertsandwithease,helpedinspirethecivilianHummerautomotivemarque.

History

SincetheWWIIeraBantamReconnaissanceCar,theUnitedStatesArmyhadreliedonjeepstotransportsmallgroupsofsoldiers.ThejeepwasbuiltaroundarequirementforacompactvehiclewithafoldingwindshieldthatwasactuallyshorterthantheVolkswagenBeetle.Itseatedthreewitha660lb（300kg）payloadandweighedjustoveroneton.Bythe1970s,theU.S.Armyhadtriedlargermilitarizedciviliantrucks,buteventhesenolongersatisfiednewerrequirements.In1977,LamborghinidevelopedtheCheetahmodelinanattempttomeettheArmycontractspecifications.

In1979,theU.S.ArmydraftedfinalspecificationsforaHighMobilityMultipurposeWheeledVehicle,orHMMWV,whichwastoreplaceallthetacticalvehiclesinthe1/4to11/4-tonrange,namelytheM151quarter-ton'Jeep'andM561GamaGoat,asone"jack-of-all-trades"lighttacticalvehicletoperformtheroleofseveralexistingtrucks.Thespecificationcalledforexcellentonandoff-roadperformance,theabilitytocarryalargepayload,andimprovedsurvivabilityagainstindirectfire.Comparedtothejeep,itwaslargerandhadamuchwidertrack,witha16in（410mm）groundclearance,doublethatofmostsport-utilityvehicles.Thenewtruckwastoclimba60percentinclineandtraversea40percentslope.Theairintakewastobemountedflushontopoftherightfender（ortoberaisedonastovepipetoroofleveltoford5ft（1.5m）ofwaterandelectronicswaterproofedtodrivethrough2.5ft（0.76m）ofwaterwerespecified.Theradiatorwastobemountedhigh,slopingovertheengineonaforward-hingedhood.

Outof61companiesthatshowedinterest,onlythreesubmittedprototypes.InJuly1979,AMGeneral（asubsidiaryofAmericanMotorsCorporation）beganpreliminarydesignwork.Lessthanayearlater,thefirstprototypewasintesting;ChryslerDefenseandTeledyneContinentalalsoproducedcompetingdesigns.InJune1981,theArmyawardedAMGeneralacontractfordevelopmentofseveralmoreprototypevehiclestobedeliveredtothegovernmentforanotherseriesoftests.TheoriginalM998A0serieshadacurbweightof5,200lb（2,400kg）.withapayloadof2,500lb（1,100kg）,witha6.2L（380cuin）V-8dieselengineandathree-speedautomatictransmission.

ThethreecompanieswerechosentodesignandbuildelevenHMMWVprototypes,whichcoveredover600,000milesintrialswhichincludedoff-roadcoursesindesertandarcticconditions.AMGeneralwasawardedaninitialcontractin1983for2,334vehicles,thefirstbatchofafive-yearcontractthatwouldsee55,000vehiclesdeliveredtotheU.S.military,including39,000fortheArmy;72,000vehicleshadbeendeliveredtoU.S.andforeigncustomersbythe1991GulfWar,and100,000weredeliveredbytheHumvee's10thanniversaryin1995.Ft.Lewis,Washingtonandthe9thInfantryDivisionwasthetestingunittoemployHMMWVinthenewconceptofamotorizeddivision.YakimaTrainingCenterinYakima,WashingtonwasthemaintestinggroundsforHMMWVsfrom1985throughDecember1991,whenthemotorizedconceptwasabandonedandthedivisioninactivated.

Usageincombat

HMMWVsfirstsawcombatinOperationJustCause,theU.S.invasionofPanamain1989.

TheHMMWVwasdesignedprimarilyforpersonnelandlightcargotransportbehindfrontlines,notasafrontlinefightingvehicle.Likethepreviousjeep,thebasicHMMWVhasnoarmororprotectionagainstchemical,biological,radiologicalornuclearthreats.Nevertheless,losseswererelativelylowinconventionaloperations,suchastheGulfWar.VehiclesandcrewssufferedconsiderabledamageandlossesduringtheBattleofMogadishuduetothenatureoftheurbanengagement;however,thechassissurvivabilityallowedthemajorityofthosecrewstoreturntosafety,thoughtheHMMWVwasneverdesignedtoofferprotectionagainstintensesmallarmsfire,muchlessmachinegunsandrocket-propelledgrenades.However,withtheriseofasymmetricwarfareandlowintensityconflicts,theHMMWVwaspressedintoserviceinurbancombatrolesforwhichitwasnotoriginallyintended.

AfterOperationRestoreHopeinSomalia,themilitaryrecognizedaneedforamoreprotectedHMMWVandAMGeneraldevelopedtheM1114,anarmoredHMMWVtowithstandsmallarmsfire.TheM1114hasbeeninlimitedproductionsince1996,seeinglimiteduseintheBalkansbeforedeploymenttotheMiddleEast.ThisdesignissuperiortotheM998withalarger,morepowerfulturbochargedengine,airconditioning,andastrengthenedsuspensionsystem.Moreimportantly,itboastsafullyarmoredpassengerareaprotectedbyhardenedsteelandbullet-resistantglass.WiththeincreaseindirectattacksandguerrillawarfareinIraq,AMGeneraldivertedthemajorityofitsmanufacturingpowertoproducingthesevehicles.

HumveesweresentintoAfghanistanfollowingthe9/11terroristattacks,wheretheyprovedinvaluableduringinitialoperations.IntheearlyyearsbeforeIEDsbecameprevalent,thevehiclewaslikedbytroopsforitsabilitytoaccessrough,mountainousterrain.SomesoldierswouldremovefeaturesfromHumvees,includingwhatlittlearmorithadandsometimesevenentiredoors,tomakethemlighterandmoremaneuverableforoff-roadconditionsandtoincreasevisibility.WiththeonsetoftheIraqWar,HumveesprovedveryvulnerabletoIEDs;inthefirstfourmonthsof2006,67U.S.troopsdiedinHumvees.Toincreaseprotection,theU.S.militaryhastilyadded-onarmorkitstothevehicles.Althoughthissomewhatimprovedsurvivability,boltingonarmormadetheHumveean"ungainlybeast,"increasingweightandputtingstrainonthechassis,whichleadtounreliability.ArmoreddoorsthatweighedhundredsofpoundsweredifficultfortroopstoopenandthenewlyarmoredturretmadeHumveestopheavyandincreasedthedangerofrollovers.TheU.S.MarineCorpsdecidedtostartreplacingHumveesincombatwithMRAPsin2007,andtheU.S.Armystatedthatthevehiclewas"nolongerfeasibleforcombat"in2012.

TheHMMWVhasbecomethevehicularbackboneofU.S.forcesaroundtheworld.Over10,000HMMWVswereemployedbycoalitionforcesduringtheIraqWar.TheHumveehasbeendescribedas"therightcapabilityforitsera"toprovidepayloadmobilityinprotectedareas,butthatconflictsexposingittofull-spectrumthreatenvironmentsthatitwasneverdesignedtooperateorbesurvivableinledtoaddingprotectionatthecostofmobilityandpayload.

Modifications

InDecember2004,SecretaryofDefenseDonaldRumsfeldcameundercriticismfromU.S.troopsandtheirfamiliesfornotprovidingbetter-equippedHMMWVs.Rumsfeldpointedoutthat,priortothewar,armorkitswereproducedonlyinsmallnumbersperyear.AstheroleofAmericanforcesinIraqchangedfromfightingtheIraqiArmytosuppressingtheguerrillainsurgency,morearmorkitswerebeingmanufactured,thoughperhapsnotasfastasproductionfacilitieswerecapableofbringingthemonline.Evenmoreadvancedkitswerealsobeingdeveloped.However,whilethesekitsaremuchmoreeffectiveagainstalltypesofattacks,theyweighbetween1,500to2,200lb（680to1,000kg）andhavesomeofthesamedrawbacksastheimprovisedarmor.Unlikesimilar-sizeciviliancargoandtowtrucks,whichtypicallyhavedualrearwheelstoreducesway,theHMMWVhassinglerearwheelsduetoitsindependentrearsuspensioncoupledwiththebodydesign.

Mostup-armoredHMMWVsholdupwellagainstlateralattacks,whentheblastisdistributedinalldifferentdirections,butofferslittleprotectionfromamineblastbelowthetruck,suchasburiedimprovisedexplosivedevices（IEDs）andlandmines.Explosivelyformedpenetrators（EFPs）canalsodefeatthearmorkits,causingcasualties.

ThearmorkitsfieldedincludetheArmorSurvivabilityKit（ASK）,theFRAG5,FRAG6,aswellasupgradekitstotheM1151.TheASKwasthefirstfielded,inOctober2003,addingabout1,000pounds（450kg）totheweightofthevehicle.ArmorHoldingsfieldedanevenlighterkit,addingonly750pounds（340kg）tothevehicle'sweight.TheMarineArmorKit（MAK）,fieldedinJanuary2005,offersmoreprotectionthantheM1114,butalsoincreasesweight.TheFRAG5offeredevenmoreprotectionbutwasstillinadequatetostopEFPattacks.TheFRAG6kitisdesignedtodojustthat,howeveritsincreasedprotectionaddsover1,000lb（450kg）thevehicleovertheFRAG5kit,andthewidthisincreasedby2feet（61cm）.Inaddition,thedoorsmayrequireamechanicalassistdevicetoopenandclose.

Anotherdrawbackoftheup-armoredHMMWVsoccursduringanaccidentorattack,whentheheavilyarmoreddoorstendtojamshut,trappingthetroopsinside.Asaresult,HMMWVswerefittedwithhooksontheirdoors,sothatanothervehiclecanripthedooroff,freeingthetroopsinside.Inaddition,VehicleEmergencyEscape（VEE）windows,developedbyBAESystems,werefieldedforuseontheM1114uparmoredHMMWV,with1,000kitsordered.

Thesoldiermanningtheexposedcrew-servedweaponontopofthevehicleisextremelyvulnerable.