欧洲航海家 英文版.docx

欧洲航海家 英文版.docx

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欧洲航海家英文版

哥伦布

ChristopherColumbus:

ExploreroftheNewWorld

　　ChristopherColumbus（Italian:

CristoforoColombo，Spanish:

CristóbalColón）-（1451-1506）wasanItaliannavigator,colinizerandexplorerwhosailedacrosstheAtlanticOceanin1492,hopingtofindaroutetoIndia（inordertotradeforspices）.HemadeatotaloffourtripstotheCaribbeanandSouthAmericaduringtheyears1492-1504.

　　TheFirstTrip:

　　ColumbussailedforKingFerdinandIIandQueenIsabellaofSpain.Onhisfirsttrip,Columbusledanexpeditionwiththreeships,theNiña（captainedbyVicenteYáñezPinzon）,thePinta（ownedandcaptainedbyMartinAlonzoPinzon）,andtheSantaMaria（captainedbyColumbus）,andabout90crewmembers.TheysetsailonAug.3,1492fromPalos,Spain,andonOctober11,1492,spottedtheCaribbeanislandsoffsoutheasternNorthAmerica.TheylandedonanislandtheycalledGuanahani,butColumbuslaterrenameditSanSalvador.TheyweremetbythelocalTainoIndians,manyofwhomwerecapturedbyColumbus'menandlatersoldintoslavery.ColumbusthoughthehadmadeittoAsia,andcalledthisareatheIndies,andcalleditsinhabitantsIndians.

　　Whileexploringtheislandsintheareaandlookingforgoldtoloot,Columbus'mentraveledtotheislandsofHispaniola（nowdividedintoHaitiandtheDominicanRepublic）,Cuba,andmanyothersmallerislands.Onthereturntrip,theSantaMariawaswreckedandthecaptainofthePintasailedoffonhisowntotrytobeatColumbusback.ColumbusreturnedtoSpainintheNina,arrivingonMarch15,1493.

　　TheSecondTrip:

　　Onasecond,largerexpedition（Sept.25,1493-June11,1496）,sailedwith17shipsand1,200to1,500mentofindgoldandcaptureIndiansasslavesintheIndies.ColumbusestablishedabaseinHispaniolaandsailedaroundHispaniolaandalongthelengthofsouthernCuba.HespottedandnamedtheislandofDominicaonNovember3,1493.

　　TheThirdTrip:

　　Onathirdexpedition（May30,1498-October1500）,Columbussailedfarthersouth,toTrinidadandVenezuela（includingthemouthoftheOrinocoRiver）.ColumbuswasthefirstEuropeansincetheVikingLeifEricssontosetfootonthemainlandofAmerica

　　TheFourthTrip:

　　Onhisfourthandlastexpedition（May9,1502-Nov.7,1504）,ColumbussailedtoMexico,HondurasandPanama（inCentralAmerica）andSantiago（Jamaica）.ColumbusisburiedineasternHispaniola（nowcalledtheDominicanRepublic）.

葡萄牙航海家麦哲伦：

　　FerdinandMagellan（Portuguese:

FernãodeMagalhães,Spanish:

FernandodeMagallanes）（Spring1480–April27,1521,MactanIsland,Cebu,Philippines）wasaPortuguesemaritimeexplorerwho,whileintheserviceoftheSpanishCrown,triedtofindawestwardroutetotheSpiceIslandsofIndonesia.HetherebybecamethefirstpersontoleadanexpeditionacrossthePacificOcean.ThiswasalsothefirstsuccessfulattempttocircumnavigatetheEarthinhistory.Althoughhedidnotcompletetheentirevoyage（hewaskilledduringtheBattleofMactaninthePhilippines）,MagellanhadearliertraveledeastwardtotheSpiceIslands,sohebecameoneofthefirstindividualstocrossallofthemeridiansoftheGlobe.

　　MagellanwasthefirstEuropeantoenterthePacificfromtheeponymousStraitofMagellan,whichhediscovered.HewasalsothefirstEuropeantoreachthearchipelagoofwhatisnowknownasthePhilippines,whichwasunknowntothewesternworldbeforehislanding.Arabtradershadestablishedcommercewithinthearchipelagocenturiesearlier.

　　Ofthe237menwhosetoutonfiveshipstocircumnavigatetheearth,only18completedthecircumnavigationoftheglobeandmanagedtoreturntoSpainin1522.TheywereledbytheBasquenavigatorJuanSebastiánElcano,whotookovercommandoftheexpeditionafterMagellan'sdeath.SeventeenothermenarrivedlaterinSpain,twelvemencapturedbythePortugueseinCapeVerdesomeweeksearlier,andin1525/1526fivesurvivorsoftheTrinidad.

　　Originsandfirstvoyage

　　Magellan,becauseofhisfamily'sheritage,becameapagetoQueenLeonorattheroyalcourtafterthedeathofhisparentsduringhistenthyear.VerylittleisknownaboutMagellan'sbackground.HewasthesonofRuideMagalhães（sonofPedroAfonsodeMagalhãesandwifeQuintadeSousa）andwifeAldadeMesquita,andbrotherofDuartedeSousa,DiogodeSousaandIsabeldeMagalhães,butexactlyhowheisconnectedtotherespectivefamiliesitisunknown.HewasmarriedtoBeatrizBarbosaandhadtwochildren:

RodrigodeMagalhães[3]andCarlosdeMagalhães,bothofwhomdiedatayoungage.

　　Magellanmadehisfirstknownexpeditionatseaattheageof25in1505,whenhewassenttoIndiatoinstallFranciscodeAlmeidaasthePortugueseviceroy.ThevoyagegaveMagellanhisfirstexperienceofbattlewhenalocalking,whohadpaidtributetoVascodaGamathreeyearsearlier,refusedtopaytributetoAlmeida,whichresultedintheBattleofDiuin1509.Aftertakingleavewithoutpermission,MagellanfelloutoffavourwithAlmeidaandwasalsoaccusedoftradingillegallywiththeMoors.SeveraloftheaccusationsweresubsequentlyprovedandtherewerenofurtheroffersofemploymentafterMay15,1514.Lateronin1515,MagellanhadanemploymentofferasacrewmemberonaPortugueseship,butrejectedthisoffer.

　　SpanishsearchoftheSpiceIslands

　　TheaimofChristopherColumbus'voyagetotheWestwastoreachthecoastsoftheSpiceIslands（ortheIndies）andtoestablishcommercialrelationsbetweenSpainandtheseveralAsiankingdoms.TheSpanishsoonrealisedafterColumbus'voyagesthatthelandsoftheAmericaswerenotapartofAsia,butanewcontinent.OnceVascodaGamaandthePortuguesearrivedinIndiain1498,itbecameurgentforSpaintofindanewcommercialroutetoAsia.TheTreatyofTordesillasreservedforPortugaltheroutesthatwentaroundAfrica.TheSpanishCrownthendecidedtosendoutexplorationvoyagesinordertofindawaytoAsiabytravellingwestwards.VascoNúñezdeBalboasailedthePacificOceanin1513,andJuanDíazdeSolísdiedinRíodelaPlatasomeyearslatertryingtofindapassageinSouthAmerica.

　　WhenMagellanarrivedattheCourtofSpain,hepresentedKingCharlesVwithaplanthatwouldgivetheshipsoftheCrownofCastilefullaccesstothelandsoftheSpiceIslands,afterthatplanfailingtogainapprovalfromthePortugueseking,ManuelI.

　　Journey

　　OnAugust10,1519,fiveshipsunderMagellan'scommand–Trinidad,SanAntonio,Concepción,Victoria,andSantiago–leftSevilleandtravelledfromtheGuadalquivirRivertoSanlúcardeBarramedaatthemouthoftheriver,wheretheyremainedmorethanfiveweeks.

　　SpanishauthoritieswerewaryofMagellan,whowasoriginallyPortuguese.Theyalmostpreventedtheadmiralfromsailing,andswitchedhiscrewfrommostlyPortuguesementomenofSpain.Nevertheless,MagellansetsailfromSanlúcardeBarramedawithabout270menonSeptember20.KingManuelorderedaPortuguesenavaldetachmenttopursueMagellan,butMagellanavoidedthem.AfterstoppingattheCanaryIslands,MagellanarrivedatCapeVerde,wherehesetcourseforCapeSt.AugustineinBrazil.OnNovember27,theexpeditioncrossedtheequator;onDecember6,thecrewsightedSouthAmerica.

　　Magellan'sshipVictoriaSinceBrazilwasPortugueseterritory,Magellanavoidedit,andonDecember13anchorednearpresent-dayRiodeJaneiro.Therethecrewwasresupplied,butbadconditionscausedthemtodelay.Afterwards,theycontinuedtosailsouthalongSouthAmerica'seastcoast,lookingforthestraitthatMagellanbelievedwouldleadtotheSpiceIslands.ThefleetreachedRíodelaPlataonJanuary10,1520.

　　OnMarch30,thecrewestablishedasettlementtheycalledPuertoSanJulian.OnApril2,amutinyinvolvingtwoofthefiveshipcaptainsbrokeout,butitwasunsuccessfulbecausemostofthecrewremainedloyal.JuanSebastiánElcanowasoneofthosewhowereforgiven.AntonioPigafetta,anItalianfromVicenzawhopaidtobeontheMagellanvoyage,relatedthatGasparQuesada,thecaptainofConcepcion,wasexecuted;JuandeCartagena,thecaptainofSanAntonio,andapriestnamedPadreSanchezdelaReinawereinsteadmaroonedonthecoast.AnotheraccountstatesthatLuisdeMendoza,thecaptainofVictoria,wasexecutedalongwithQuesada.Reportedlythosekilledweredrawnandquarteredandimpaledonthecoast;yearslater,theirboneswerefoundbySirFrancisDrake.

　　TheStraitofMage

迪亚士

BartolomeuDias （Portuguesepronunciation:

 [baɾtuluˈmewˈdi.ɐʃ];Anglicized:

 BartholomewDiaz;c.1451 –29May1500[2]）,anoblemanofthePortuguese royalhousehold,wasaPortuguese explorer.HesailedaroundthesouthernmosttipofAfricain1488,reachingthe IndianOcean fromthe Atlantic,thefirstEuropeanknowntohavedoneso.

PurposesoftheDiasexpedition[edit]

BartolomeuDiaswasa Knight oftheroyalcourt,superintendentoftheroyalwarehouses,andsailing-masterofthe man-of-war, SãoCristóvão （SaintChristopher）.King JohnIIofPortugal appointedhim,on10October1487,toheadanexpeditiontosailaroundthesoutherntipofAfricainthehopeoffindingatraderoutetoIndia.Diaswasalsochargedwithsearchingforthelandsruledby PresterJohn,whowasafabledChristianpriestandruler.[3]

Theexpedition[edit]

Dias'ship SãoCristóvão waspilotedby PêrodeAlenquer.Asecondcaravel,the SãoPantaleão,wascommandedby JoãoInfante andpilotedby ÁlvaroMartins.Dias'brother PêroDias wasthecaptainofthesquare-riggedsupportshipwithJoãodeSantiagoaspilot.[citationneeded]

Anillustrationofthe SãoCristóvão and SãoPantaleão

TheexpeditionsailedsouthalongthewestcoastofAfrica.ExtraprovisionswerepickeduponthewayatthePortuguese