英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版.docx

英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版.docx

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英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版

TheBasicElementsofAppreciatingEnglishPoetry

1.Whatispoetry?

ØPoetryistheexpressionofImpassionedfeelinginlanguage.

Ø“Poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:

ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility.”

Ø“Poetry,inageneralsense,maybedefinedtobetheexpressionoftheimagination.”

ØPoetryistherhythmicalcreationofbeauty.

ØPoetryistheimageofmanandnature.

Ø“诗言志，歌咏言。

”---《虞书》

Ø“诗言志之所以也。

在心为志，发言为诗。

情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。

情发于声；声成文，谓之音。

”

---《诗·大序》

Ø“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。

”---艾青：

《诗论》

2.TheSoundSystemofEnglishPoetry

a.Theprosodicfeatures

ØProsody（韵律）---thestudyoftherhythm,pause,tempo,stressandpitchfeaturesofalanguage.

ØChinesepoetryissyllable-timed,Englishpoetryisstress-timed.

ØStress:

TheprosodyofEnglishpoetryisrealizedbystress.Onestressedsyllablealwayscomestogetherwithoneormoreunstressedsyllables.

eg.Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright

Inthe/forest/ofthe/night,

Whatim/mortal/handor/eye

Couldframethy/fearful/symme/try?

---W.Blake

Length:

itcanproducesomerhetoricalandartisticeffect.

eg.Thecurfewtollstheknellofpartingday,

Thelowingherdwindslowlyo’erthelea,

ThePloughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway,

Andleavestheworldtodarknessandtome.

---ThomasGray

Longvowelsanddiphthongsmakethepoemslow,emotionalandsolemn;shortvowelsquick,passionate,tenseandexciting.

Pause:

itservesfortherhythmandmusicalityofpoetry.

b.Meterormeasure（格律）

poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis+thesis;

Meterormeasurereferstotheformationwayofstressedand

unstressedsyllables.

Fourcommonmeters:

a）Iambus;theiambicfoot（抑扬格）

eg.Shewalks/inbeau/ty,like/thenight

Ofcloud/lessclimes/andstar/ryskies;

Andall/that’sbest/ofdark/andbright

Meetin/heras/pectand/hereyes.---Byron

b）Trochee;thetrochaicfoot（扬抑格）

eg.Never/seekto/tellthy/love,

Lovethat/never/toldcan/be.---Blake

c）Dactyl;thedactylicfoot（扬抑抑格）

eg.Cannonto/rightofthem,

Cannonto/leftofthem.

Cannonin/frontofthem,

Volley’dand/thunder’d.---Tennyson

d）Anapaest;theanapesticfoot（抑抑扬格）

eg.Break,/break,/break,

Onthycold/greystones,/Osea!

AndIwould/thatmytongue/couldutter

Thethought/thatarise/inme.---Tennyson

c）Othermeters

Amphibrach,theamphibrachicfoot（抑扬抑格）；

Spondee,thespondaicfoot（扬扬格）；

Pyrrhic,thepyrrhicfoot（抑抑格）；

d）Actalecticfoot（完整音步）andCactalecticfoot（不完整音步）

eg.Richthe/treasure,

Sweetthe/pleasure.（actalecticfoot）

Tiger,/tiger,/burning/bright,

Inthe/forest/ofthe/night.（cactalecticfoot）

e）Typesoffoot

monometer（一音步）

dimeter（二音步）

trimeter（三音步）

tetrameter（四音步）

pentameter（五音步）

hexameter（六音步）

heptameter（七音步）

octameter（八音步）

Wehaveiambicmonometer,trochaictetrameter,iambic

pentameter,anapaestictrimeter,etc.,whenthenumberof

footandmeteraretakentogetherinapoem.

C.Rhyme

Whentwoormorewordsorphrasescontainanidentical

orsimilarvowelsound,usuallystressed,andthe

consonantsoundsthatfollowthevowelsoundare

identicalandprecededbydifferentconsonants,arhyme

occurs.

ØItcanroughlybedividedintotwotypes:

internalrhymeandendrhyme

Internalrhyme

a）alliteration:

therepetitionofinitialidenticalconsonantsoundsoranyvowelsoundsinsuccessiveorcloselyassociatedsyllables,esp.stressedsyllables.

eg.Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,

Thefurrowfollowedfree.

---Coleridge

Islip,Islide,Igloom,Iglance,

Amongmyskinningswallows.

---Tennyson

Whereatwithblade,withbloodyblamefulblade,

Hebravelybroachedhisboilingbloodybreast.

---Shakespeare

“Consonantcluster”（辅音连缀）

“internalorhiddenalliteration”（暗头韵）asin

“Hereinthelongunlovelystreet”（Tennyson）

TheScian&theTeianmuse,

Thehero’sharp,thelove’slute,

Havefoundthefameyourshoresrefuse.

---Byron

b）Assonance（腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音）：

therepetitionofsimilaroridenticalvowelsoundsinalineendingwithdifferentconsonantsounds.

eg.Donotgogentleintothatnight

Oldageshouldburnandraveatcloseofday.

Rage,rageagainstthedyingofthelight.

Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright,

Becausetheirwordshaveforkednolightningthey

Donotgogentleintothatnight.

c）Consonance（假韵）:

therepetitionoftheendingconsonantsoundswithdifferentprecedingvowelsoftwoormorewordsinaline.

eg.Atonceavoicearoseamong

Thebleaktwigsoverhead

Inafull-heartedevensong

Ofjoyillimited.

---Hardy

Endrhyme:

linesinapoemendinsimilaroridentical

stressedsyllables.

a）Perfectrhyme

Perfectrhyme（intwoormorewords）occursinthefollowingthreeconditions:

identicalstressedvowelsounds（lie--high,stay--play）;

thesameconsonantsaftertheidenticalstressedvowels（park--lark,fate--late）;

differentconsonantsprecedingthestressedvowels（first–burst）;

follow—swallow（perfectrhyme）

b）imperfect/halfrhyme:

thestressedvowelsintwoormorewordsarethesame,buttheconsonantsoundsafterandprecedingaredifferent.

eg.fern—bird,faze—late,like—right

c）Masculineandfemininerhyme

eg.SometimeswhenI’mlonely,

Don’tknowwhy,

KeepthinkingIwon’tbelonely

Byandby.

---Hughes

ThecomradeofthywanderingsoverHeaven,

Asthen,whentooutstripthyskieyspeed

Scarceseem’davision;Iwouldne’erhavestriven…

---Shelley

Rhymescheme（韵式）

a）Runningrhymescheme（连续韵）

twoneighbouringlinesrhymedinaabbccdd:

eg.Tiger,tiger,burningbright

Intheforestsofthenight,

Whatimmortalhandoreye

Couldframethyfearfulsymmetry?

Inwhatdistantdeepsorskies

Burntthefireofthineeyes?

Onwhatwingsdareheaspire?

Whatthehanddareseizethefire?

b）Alternatingrhymescheme（交叉韵）

rhymedeveryotherlineinababcdcd:

eg.ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,

Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:

---Shakespeare

c）enclosingrhymescheme（首尾韵）

Inaquatrain,thefirstandthelastrhymed,andthesecondandthethirdrhymedinabba:

eg.Whenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep,

Andnoddingbythefire,takedownthisbook,

Andslowlyread,anddreamofthesoftlook

Youreyeshadonce,andoftheirshadowsdeep;

---W.B.Yeats

D.Formofpoetry（stanzaicform）

a）couplet:

astanzaoftwolineswithsimilarendrhymes:

eg.Alittlelearningisadangerousthing;

Drinkdeep,ortastenotthePierianSpring.

b）heroiccouplet:

arhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter:

eg.OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystream

Mygreatexample,asitismytheme:

---Denham

Thensharethypain,allowthatsadrelief;

Ah,morethanshareit,givemeallthygrief.

---Pope

c）Triplet/tercet:

aunitorgroupofthreelines,usu.rhymed

eg.Heclaspsthecragswithcrookedhands;

Closetothesuninlonelylands,

Ringedwiththeazureworld,hestands.

Thewrinkledseabeneathhimcrawls:

Hewatchesfromhismountainswalls,

Andlikeathunderbolthefalls.

---Tennyson

d）quatrain:

astanzaoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.

eg.Omyluveislikeared,redrose,

That’snewlysprunginJune;

Omyluveislikethemelodie

That’ssweetlyplay’dintune.

Asfairartthou,mybonielass,

SodeepinluveamI;

AndIwillluvetheestill,mydear,

Tilla’theseasgangdry.

---Burns

e）Sonnet:

afixedverseformofItalianoriginconsistingof

14linesthatarecharacteristicallyiniambicpentameter:

ThePetrarchan/Italiansonnet（FrancescoPetrarch）:

twoparts:

octave,askingquestion,presentingaproblem,

orexpressinganemotionaltensionrhymingabbaabba;

whilethesestet,solvingtheproblemrhymingcdecde,

cdecde,orcdcdcd.

Shakespearean/Englishsonnet:

arrangedusuallyintothreequatrainsandacouplet,

rhymingababcdcdefefgg.Thefirstquatrainintroduces

asubject,thesecondexpands,andoncemoreinthethird,

andconcludesinthecouplet.

Spenseriansonnet:

threequatrainsandacoupletrhyming

ababbcbccdcdee;

Miltonicsonnet:

simplyanltaliansonnetthateliminatesthe

pausebetweentheoctaveandsestet.

f）Blankverse:

theunrhymediambicpentameter

eg.Tobe,ornottobe:

thatisthequestion:

Whether’tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer

Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,

Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,

Andbyopposingendthem?

Todie:

tosleep;

---Shakespeare

g）Freeverse:

poetrythatisbasedonirregularrhythmic

cadenceoftherecurrence,withvariations,ofphrases,

imagesandsyntacticalpatternsratherthanthe

conventionaluseofmeter.

eg.Days

Whataredaysfor?

Daysarewherewelive.

Theycome,theywakeus

Timeandtimeover.

Theyaretobehappyin

Wherecanwelivebutdays?

Ah,solvingthatquestion

Bringthepriestanddoctor

Intheirlongcoats

Runningoverthefields.

---PhilipLarkin

3.ThesemanticsystemofEnglishpoetry

a.Themeaningofpoetry

Poetryis“theonepermissiblewayofsayingonething

andmeaninganother”.（Frost）

Themeaningofapoemusuallyconsistsofthreelevels,

thatis,theliteral（thelowest）,thesensory（themedium）

andtheemotional（thehighest）.

b.Image---thesoulofthemeaninginpoetry

a）Definition:

“languagethatevokesaphysicalsensation

producedbyoneormoreofthefivesenses---sight,

hearing,taste,touchandsmell.”（Kirsz