跨文化全01之欧阳语创编Word文档下载推荐.docx

跨文化全01之欧阳语创编Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Ethnocentrism:

thebeliefthatone’sowncultureissuperiortoallothersandisthestandardbywhichallotherculturesshouldbemeasured.

Highpowerdistance:

thetendencytoaccepttheinequalityinpowerdistribution

Lowpowerdistance:

thetendencytoexpectequalityinpowerdistribution

Masculinecultures:

culturesthatarecharacterizedbyambition,assertivenessanddifferentcharacterroles

Femininecultures:

culturesthatarecharacterizedbynurturingbehaviors,careandconcernandfavorsexualequality

Individualisticcultures:

culturesthatvalueeveryindividual’srightsandarecharacterizedbyindependencyandprivacy

Collectivisticcultures:

culturesthatvaluethecollectiveinterestsofthegroupandarecharacterizedbyinterdependencyandresponsibility

Uncertaintyavoidingcultures:

culturesthattendtoavoidrisksandenforcerulesandsecurity

Uncertaintyacceptingcultures:

culturesthatliketotakerisksandseeknovelty

Socialinterculturalcustoms:

socialrulesandroutinesobservedininteractionacrossculture

Interpersonalrelationship:

thesocialrelationshipbetweenfriends,colleagues,classmates,andsoon.

Acculturation:

theprocessofculturalmodificationasaresultofcontactwithadifferentculture。

Cultureshockreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.

Interpersonalcommunicationcompetence:

istheabilitytofunctioneffectivelyandappropriatelyinaninterculturalcommunicationcontext.Itinvolvescognitionaffectandbehavior,whichareinseparableinreality.

三．判断正误

四．英翻汉，汉翻英

临时抱佛脚tomakethelast-minuteeffort

马后炮belatedeffort

守株待兔waitforgainswithoutpains

二百五anerd,fool

五体投地toadmiresbextremely,whole-heartedadmiresb

海纳百川有容乃大oceanisvast,foritrefusenoriver

己所不欲勿施于人totreatothersasyouwouldliketobetreated

萝卜青菜各有所爱one’smeat,another’spoison

借花献佛borrowsthtomakegiftofit

爱屋及乌lovemelovemydog

摩拳擦掌itchtohaveago

三顾茅庐repeatedlycallonsbtoasksbtotakecertainresponsibility

做一天和尚撞一天钟tofulfillone’sresponsibilitypassively

八仙过海各显神通toshowone’sowntalents

粉墨登场embarkuponapoliticalventure

过牛郎织女的生活ametaphorforacouplelivingseparately

捶胸顿足indeepsorrow

袖手旁观tostandbyanddonothing

垂头丧气inlowmood/spirit

愁眉苦脸tohaveaworriedlook

化干戈为玉帛toendthewarandstartthepeace

Beenoncloudnine高兴，兴奋

Blowonestop怒发冲冠

Havealemononone’shand烫手山芋

Somethingfishy有猫腻

Fairweatherfriend酒肉朋友

Shootthebreeze闲谈

Zipyourlip闭嘴，停止讲话

Tobeallears洗耳恭听

Washup精疲力竭

TGIFthanksgodit’sFriday;

SHITsorryhoneyit’sThursday

五．CaseStudy

FacetheMusic:

1.承担后果（toaccepttheunpleasantresultsofone'

sactions）

2.接受惩罚（toreceivepunishment）

Playthegame:

遵守规则，按章办事

Case1

Key：

Idiomaticphrasesareoftenmisunderstood.InEnglish„facethemusic‟means:

tofacetherealityandtaketheconsequence;

while„playthegame‟means:

abidecompletionrules.HereXieLimisinterpretedtheidiomaticphrasesTomused.FirsthethoughtthatTomdidn‟ttakethefailureoftheexperimentseriouslyandwantedtoescapefromit,becausehesaidhewould“facethemusic”

Secondly,hemisinterpretedTom‟s„playingthegame‟asthathehadn‟tdonetheexperimentseriously,whichmighthaveledtothefailure.

Case3

Key:

TheresignationofCanadianemployeeresultedfromthecommunicationbarrierduetothepreconceptionofMr.Wang,theChairmanofBoardofDirectors.Mr.WangassumedunconsciouslythattheCanadianwasmoresimilartohisChineseemployeesthanheactuallywasandtreatedhimjustashetreatedanyChineseemployee.AChineseemployeewouldhavebeenmorethanhappyifhisorherbosshadshowedsuchgreatconcernforhimorher.ButMr.Wangfoundoutthat,unlikeChineseemployees,theCanadiantookwhatmeantgreatconcerntoChineseasdistrust.

六．论述题

1.itisverynaturalforpeopletoresistothercultures,especiallywhentheyenteranewcultureandarefacedwithanewsetofvaluesaswellasdifferentbehavioralpatternsanddifferentverbalandnonverbalcommunicationsystems.theindividualneedstofindanewsourceoflivelihoodandbuildanewlife.Thisprocessiscalled“acculturation”.Itinvolvesfourmodes.

Acculturation文化适应:

theprocessofculturalmodificationasaresultofcontactwithadifferentculture.

Assimilation同化:

meansthattheindividualmakesadecisiveefforttoadoptthenormsandvaluesofthehostcultureinordertoacquireanewculturalidentity.

Hemaylosehisnativeculturalvaluesandbeliefs.

Butifhedesirestomaintainhisnativeculturalidentitywhileadjustingtosomenewculturalpractices,thenhiseffortistopursueintegration.

Ultimately,individualwillformabiculturalidentity.ThisisthecaseofmanyBBCsorABCs.

Ontheotherhand,iftheindividualrejectsthenormsandvaluesofthehostcultureandpersistentlytriestoreaffirmhisnativeculture,andthenwecallitseparationorsegregation.

Separationmeansthathechoosestoretainhisoriginalcultureandavoidinteractionwiththehostculture,whilesegregationmeansthattheseparationisenforcedbythehostcultureitself.

Thisistypicalinsituationsofracism,liketheformerApartheidsituationinSouthAfrica.

Iftheindividualchoosesnottoidentifywiththehostcultureorthenativeculture,thenwecallit

Marginalization

Punks,gypsy

2.中外父母对子女教育区别

InAmerica，childrenareindependentataveryearlyageandtheyarefreetochoosewhattheywantinlifebuttheyarealsoresponsiblefortheiractions.Incontrast,inchina,childrenrelyontheirparentstosupportthematvariouslevels,sotheytendtosubmittoparentalcontrolanddecision-making.Consequently,theChinesechildrenareindebtedtotheirparentsforlifeandfeelresponsibleforthemintheiroldage,whereastheAmericanchildrenareself-reliantand,therefore,ratherindifferenttotheirparents’oldage----theytendtoseeitasaburden.Nevertheless,thispatternischanginginChinesesociety.

●Privacy---control

●Freetochoosepartnerandcareer----listentoparents’adviceinpartnerandcareer

●Challengeparentsorder---followparentsorder

●Independentveryearly----independentaftermarriage

●Parentsrespectchildren’schoices----parentspushchildrentoexcel

●Self-relianceandfreedom----parentalprotection

3.Hofstede’svaluedimensions

culturesthatarecharacterizedbyambition,assertivenessanddifferentcharacterroles（differentiatedsexroles,ambitionandachievement）.Cultureswithhighmasculinityadvocateachievement,ambitionandacquisitionofwealthanditsmembersareusuallyassertiveandcompetitiveasassociatedwithmalebehavior.

culturesthatarecharacterizedbynurturingbehaviors,careandconcern.

culturesthatvalueeveryindividual’srightsandarecharacterizedbyindependencyandprivacy.（I-consciousness;

independenceandcompetition）

culturesthatvaluethecollectiveinterestsofthegroupandarecharacterizedbyinterdependencyandresponsibility.（WE-consciousness;

interdependenceandcooperation）

thetendencytoaccepttheinequalityinpowerdistribution.Membersinhighpowerdistancecultureviewprivilegeandpriorityasfactsoflifeandarecomfortablewithhierarchyandstatusdifferentials.

thetendencytoexpectequalityinpowerdistribution.Theybelieveinequalstatusandequalopportunityamongallmembers.

andfavorsexualequality（fluidsexroles;

nurturingandqualityoflife）.

culturesthattendtoavoidrisksandenforcerulesandsecurity.（Rigid;

formalrules）

culturesthatliketotakerisksandseeknovelty.（Flexible;

initiaterisks）

Eg:

Sweden----femininity

Japan---masculinity

China----collectivism

greatBritain----individualism

China-----highpowerdistance

America----lowpowerdistance

Japan,Peru-----Uncertaintyavoidance

Denmark-----uncertaintyaccepting

4．EdwardTHall

EdwardT.HallwasanAmericananthropologistandcross-culturalresearcher.Oneofhisfamoustheoriesiscontextculturetheory.

High-contextculture：

aculture’stendencytoconveymessagesviathecontextofcommunication.Themessageismostlyimplicitratherthanexplicit.

Low-contextculture：

aculture’stendencytoconveymessagesthroughwords;

themessageisfullyverbalized.

Inlow-contextculture,peopletendtoignoresomenon-verbalcommunicationbehaviors.HoweverinChineseorJapanesehigh-contextculture,communicationsgivethesensitivecommunicatorsunlimitedinformationandcontentfortheyareexpressedbyrichsymbols,suchasfacialexpressions,actions,speedofaction,atmosphereofcommunication,unspeakableemotions,subtleges