胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docx

胡壮麟语言学概论复习要点.docx

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语言学概论复习要点一．定义

1language

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2definefeatures

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

3Synchronicvs.diachronic

Asynchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstant（usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent）asitspointofobservation.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistoryandfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.

4Langue&parole

LangueistheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParoleisparticularrealizationsoflangue

5Competenceandperformance

Anideallanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesinhislanguageiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.

Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations,thatis,theinfinitevariedindividualactsofverbalbehaviorwithirregularities,inconsistencies,anderrors.

6descriptiveandprescriptive7phonetictranscription

Aphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsoundsonpaper.

Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.

Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.8phoneme

Phonemeisaunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrastbetweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.

phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.9allophones

[p,ph]aretwodifferentphones（音子）andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.（Phoneticsimilarity,complementarydistribution）10assimilation

assimilation,aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound

assimilationreferstothephonologicalprocessinwhichatargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchangeincertainenvironmentsorcontexts

11distinctivefeatures

distinctivefeaturesarethosephonologicallyrelevantproperties,thatis,thefeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning,forexample,voicing,placeandmannerofarticulationareallprincipaldistinctivefeaturesofconsonants.

12morphemes

thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

11

（Freevs.Boundmorphemes:

Freemorphemes:

thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,e.g.boy,girl,table,nation.;Boundmorphemes:

thosethatcannotoccuralone,e.g.-s,-ed,dis-,un-

Rootvs.affixmorphemes:

arootmorphemecanbeaboundoneorafreeone.Anaffixmorphemecanbeainflectionaloneoraderivationalone.

Inflectionalvs.Derivativemorphemes:

Inflectionalmorphemeprovidesfurthergrammaticalmeaningtotheexistinglexicalitem.Derivativemorphemeprovideslexicalinformationtotheexistinglexicalitem）

Root:

A“root”isthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Inotherwords,a“root”isthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.Affix:

“affix”isacollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeused,onlywhenaddedto

anothermorpheme（therootorstem）.Affixesarenaturallyboundandtheyarelimitedinnumberinalanguage.

Stem（词干）:

Astemreferstothesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorpheme（曲折詞素）inaword.

Base（词基）:

Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;anyrootorstemcanbetermedabase

13positionalrelation

Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.syntagmatic,horizontalorchainrelations.

14RelationofSubstitutability

TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.

15ConstructionandConstituent

Construction：

thegrammaticalstructureofasentenceoranysmallerunit,representedbyasetofelementsandrelationsbetweenthem.

（Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.

Exocentricconstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup）

Aconstituentisawordoragroupofwordsthatfunctionsasasingleunitwithinahierarchicalstructure.

ICanalysis:

theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents-wordgroupsorphrases,whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.

16category

Thetermcategoryreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthegeneralunitsofdifferentwordclassesaswellastheirsyntacticfunctions

17agreement

Agreement（orconcord）maybedefinedastherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecificsyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewithoneanotherintermsofsomecategories

二．简答

1DesignFeaturesofLanguage:

Arbitrariness Duality Creativity Displacement2Functionsoflanguage

vreferential（toconveymessageandinformation）,

vpoetic（toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake）,

vemotive（toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions）,

vconative（topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests）,

vphatic（toestablishcommunionwithothers）

vmetalingual（toclearupintentionsandmeanings） Jocobson

MetafunctionsofLanguage

videational,interpersonalandtextualfunctions.4FunctionalGrammar

nTheoreticalapproachtothedescriptionandexplanationoflinguisticphenomenabasedontheirvariousfunctions.

nbasicassumption:

linguisticphenomenacannotbeexplainedwithoutexaminingtheirfunctionItoffersanalternativeto（post）structuralismattemptsatdescribinglinguisticphenomenaformally（i.e.assumingtheautonomyofsyntax）

55.1ThePragueSchool

nPragueLinguisticCircle:

nStartedbyV.Mathesius（1882-1946）in1926,withsuchactivistsasR.Jacobson（1896-1982）,N.Trubetzkoy（1890-1938）andlaterJ.Firbas（1921-2000）.

nTheCirclestoodattheheartofimportantdevelopmentsinstructurallinguisticsandsemioticsinthe1930's.

nThreeimportantpoints:

nStressedsynchroniclinguistics,butnotrigidlyseparatedfromdiachronicstudies.

nLissystemicinthatnoelementofLcanbesatisfactorilyanalysedorevaluatedinisolationandassessmentcanonlybemadeifitsrelationshipisestablishedwiththecoexistingelementsinthesamelanguagesystem.

nLisfunctionalinthatitisatoolforperforminganumberofessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.

5.1.1PragueSchoolPhonology

nN.Trubetzkoy:

PrincipleofPhonology（1939）.

nPhonetics&phonology:

differentforparole&langue.

nPhoneme:

anabstractunitofthesoundsystem.

nDistinctivefeatures:

phonologicaloppositions.

nShoweddistinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandgaveanaccuratedefinitionofthephoneme.Trubetzkoy’scontributions

nDefinedthesphereofphonologicalstudies.

nRevealedinterdependentsyntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsbetweenphonemes.

nPutforwardasetofmethodologiesforphonologicalstudies.

5.1.2FunctionalSentencePerspective

nFSPisatheoryaboutanalysisofutterances（ortexts）intermsoftheinformationtheycontain.

nPrinciple:

theroleofeachutterancepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.

5.1.3Communicativedynamism

nJ.Firbas

nLinguisticcommunicationisdynamic,notstatic.

nCDmeasurestheamountofinfoanelementcarriesinasentence.ThedegreeofCDistheeffectcontributedbyalinguisticelement.Forexample,

5.2TheLondonSchool

nB.Malinowski（1884-1942）,professorofanthropology（1927）.

nJ.R.Firth（1890-1960）,thefirstprofessoroflinguisticsintheUK（1944）.

nM.A.K.Halliday（1925- ）,studentofFirth.

nAllthreestressedtheimportanceofcontextofsituationandthesystemaspectofL.

5.2.1Malinowski’stheories

nLanguage“istoberegardedasamodeofaction,ratherthanasacounterpartofthought”.

nThemeaningofanutterancecomesfromitsrelationtothesituationalcontextinwhichitoccurs.

nThreetypesofsituationalcontext:

nsituationsinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodilyactivity;

nnarrativesituations;

nsituationsinwhichspeechisusedtofillaspeechvacuum—phaticcommunion.

5.2.2Firth’stheories

a.语言观

RegardedLasasocialprocess,ameansofsociallife.

n Lisameansofparticipationinsocialactivities.

nLisameansofdoingthingsandofmakingothersdothings,ameansofactingandliving.

nLisbothinbornandacquired.

nTheobjectoflinguisticstudyisLinuse.

nThegoaloflinguisticinquiryistoanalysemeaningfulelementsofLinordertoestablishcorrespondingrelationsbetweenlinguisticandnon-linguisticelements.

nThemethodoflinguisticstudyistodecideonthecompositeelementsofL,explaintheirrelationsonvariouslevels,andultimatelyexplicatetheinternalrelationsbetweentheseelementsandhumanactivitiesintheenvironmentoflanguageuse.

b.意义观

Meaningisuse.fivepartsofitsanalysis:

ntherelationshipofeachphonemetoitsphoneticcontext;

ntherelationshipofeachlexicalitemtotheothersinthesentence;

nthemorphologicalrelationsofeachword;

nthese