外国名著英语读书笔记 The Tragedy of HamletWord文档格式.docx
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it’shumannaturetofeelcowardlyandineffectivewhenyou’reunable（ortoosmart）totakedecisive（orrash）action.?
ThestoryTheactionofTheplayislaidindenmark.gertrude,queenofdenmark,widowedbyThesuddendeathofTheking,withintwomonthsmarriesThelatekingsbroTherclaudiuswhothusbecomesThenewking.princeHamlet,sonofThelakeking,returnshomefromTheuniversityofwittenberg.hesuspectsfoulplayonThepartofclaudius,hisuncle.ThenhisfaThersghostappearstohimatThecastleofelsinore,andconfirmsHamletssuspicion.heundertakestoavengeThemurder.todullclaudiusvigilance,Hamletpretendstohavegonemad.however,hismadnessistakenbypolonius,anoldcourtier,tobeanemotionaldisturbanceduetohispassionforophelia,daughterofpolonius.atthismoment,acompanyofplayersvisitsThecastle,andHamlethasaplayacted,whichresemblesThelatekingsmurder.claudiusisdeeplydisturbedbyTheperformanceandleavesThehallbeforeTheplayisfinished.HamletissummonedbyhismoTher,whotellshimthathehasoffendedTheking.Hamletrevealsclaudiusbasenessandexpresseshisindignationatherhastymarriage.ThenHamletbecomesawarethatheisbeingoverheardinTheconversation.thinkingitisclaudiusthatisinhiding,herunshisswordthroughThearrasbutfindsTheeavesdropperthuskilledtobepolonius.togetrideofHamlet,claudiussendhimtoenglandandsendsassassinstokillhimonThevoyage.butHamletsucceedsincomingoutofitaliveandreturnstodenmarkagain.heart-brokenatThedeathofherfaTher,pooropheliagoesmadandThenisdrownedinastream.HamletreturnsjustatThetimeofophelia’sfuneral.inThegrave-yardhehasaquarrelwithlaertes,ophelia’sbroTher.latertesvowstoavengeThedeathofhissisterandfaTher.withhimclaudiusarrangesthatlaertesistochallengeHamlettoafriendlyduelandkillhimwithapoisonedrapier.inTheswordplay,laerteswoundsHamletbutishimselfstruckwithThesamepoisonedrapierbyHamlet.beforedeath,laertesrevealsTheplottoHamlet.Thequeen,atthismoment,hasdrunkfromapoisonedcupintendedforHamlet.HamletThen,inapassion,stabsclaudius.Thequeendies,claudiusdies,laertesdies,Hamletdies.andHamletsbodyisborneoffwithmilitaryceremonial,byfortinbrashissuccessor.Therestissilence.ThetragicalhistoryofHamlet,princeofdenmark（1601）《丹麦王子哈姆雷特的悲剧故事》是根据13世纪初丹麦历史学家saxogrammaticus的记载，叙述丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父亲报仇，杀死他的篡夺王位的叔父的故事。
莎士比亚在剧本中改造了丹麦的历史故事，改造了故事中主人公的性格，创造了哈姆雷特这个复杂深刻的人物。
通过这个人物和他周围环境之间的冲突，莎士比亚反映了文艺复兴时期人文主义思想家的理想与资本主义原始积累时期社会现实之间的无法调和的矛盾。
剧本中所描述的中世纪的丹麦实际上就是指的16、17世纪的英国，丹麦王子哈姆雷特实际上就是文艺复兴时期英国社会进步青年的代表。
对于这些青年来说，当时英国的政治、英国的社会真是太黑暗了。
难怪哈姆雷特说：
丹麦是一所监狱，丹麦是一间最坏的囚室。
Hamlet’ssoliloquysoliloquyTheformofsoliloquysoliloquy’sfunction?
哈姆雷特的著名独白探索生和死的问题，指出思想和行动之间的矛盾。
这段独白并不是说明哈姆雷特想借自杀来逃避替父报仇的责任，而是表达了人文主义思想家对生死问题的思考。
在这段独白之前，哈姆雷特已和演员们约好当天夜间在宫中上演一出小戏，特请国王和王后观赏。
他叫演员们演的戏很象他叔父谋害他父亲、娶他母亲的内容，目的在于观察他叔父对这出戏的反应，用以证实鬼魂所说关于谋杀的罪行。
若经证明他叔父果然是凶手，那么他就要立刻采取行动替父报仇。
他焦急地等待着夜晚的来临，以便进行这个关键性的试验。
在这段无事可作的等待期间，他心情更加沉重了。
他想到死是一条出路，但是他并未下决心自杀。
他权衡着生和死的得失；
他想到每个人都掌握着自己的生死命运。
拚一死去和罪恶社会作战呢？
还是消极地忍受世间的不平和痛苦？
在这里哈姆雷特历数社会上不平等、非正义的现象。
他考虑到拿起武器和罪恶社会作斗争，采取行动替父亲报仇，都可能要付出生命作为代价，因此他想到生存和死亡的问题。
死亡可以结束一切尘世间的痛苦，何乐而不为？
但是死亡究竟是个谜，死后可能还有来生，来生可能有更多、更可怕的痛苦在等待着我们，如同睡眠中有恶梦一般。
由于这个顾虑，人们宁愿忍受漫长的、痛苦的一生，而不肯轻易用一柄小小的刀子来结束自己的生命。
因此，顾虑使我们成为懦夫。
哈姆雷特从生死问题转而思索思想和行动之间的关系。
思想是指导行动的，但是想得太多却令人踌躇不前，误了大事。
这是哈姆雷特对自己的警告。
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tobeornottobe“tobeornottobe”and“romeo,romeo,whereforeartthouromeo?
”arebetter-known.thisisnottosaythatitisatallThebestormostinterestingormostbeautifulofThesonnets;
butThesimplicityandlovelinessofitspraiseofThebelovedhasguaranteeditsplaceHamlet’sThemenotesonThesoliloquy?
ofsuicideasameansofescape,andhedwellsonitinalaterpartofthisveryspeech,giving,however,adifferentreasonforrefraining.ThewholedriftofThespeechshowshisbeliefinafuturelife.“tobeornottobe”isThekeysentenceinthissoliloquy.“tobe”istocontinuetolive,ortotakeaction.“nottobe”istodie,ortodonothingbutsuffering,toendone’slifebyself-destruction.itisadilemmaoftryingtodetermineThemeaningoflifeanddeath.isitnoblertosufferThelifepassivelyortodie（seektoendone’ssufferings）actively?
practicallyThewholeofHamlet’sspeechhasbecomeproverbialasanoutpouringofutterworldweariness.ofcourse,muchofTheimageryisnotpeculiartoshakespeareoranywriter,e.g.,Thelikeningofdeathtostartingonalongjourney.takearmsagainstaseaoftroubles:
totakeuparmsandrushuponThewavesofTheseawasacustomattributedbyseveralclassicalwriterstoThecelts.Thetroublesarepicturedasadvancinglikesomeoverwhelmingtide.nomore:
justthat,onlythat,i.e.fallingonsleep?
consummation:
acompletionofoneslife,acrowningandfittingendwhatdreams:
i.e.Thethoughtofwhatdreamsmaycomemortalcoil:
turmoilofmortality,confusedtroubleofmortalliferespect:
consideration=regardofsolonglife:
solong-livedtime:
Thetimes,Theworld,onescontemporariesmighthisquietusmake:
mightgivehimselfhisreleasefromlife’stroublesthought:
anxietyandloseThenameofaction:
evenasarivermayloseitselfinasandywasteandsoafteritslongcourseneverreachThesea:
wonderfulsymbol,indeed,offrustrationandfailure?
analysisofcharactersofHamlet?
1.ahumanist,freefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitionsinfiniteloveforTheworldraTherforheavenprofoundloveandrespectforman,andafirmbeliefinman’spoweroverdestiny2.thishumanistloveofmanmakesHamletturntothosearoundhim（hisfaTher,ophelia）withThesamesincereeagerness.helovesgoodandhatesevil.heshowsacontemptforrankandwealth.akingandbeggarareallonetohim.hisdemocratictendencyisbasedonhishumanistthought.3.manofsuperbintelligence,acloseobserverofmenandmanners,heeasilyseesthroughpeople.hecouldpenetratebelowThesurfaceofthings.heisforever.?
unmaskingTheworld,hediscovershowwickedandunjustTheworldhelivesinis.hisobservationofhisworldissummedupinabittersentence:
“denmarkisaprison.”?
Hamletisnotamerescholar,simplymeditativebynature.onThecontrary,Hamletisamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amanofprofoundperceptionandsparklingwit.heisascholar,soldierandstatesmanallcombined.hisimagereflectsTheversatilityofThemenofTherenaissance.?
Hamlet’smelancholyisTheresultofhispenetratingmind.?
Hamletgivesareason.ifhekillsThevillainnow,hewouldsendhissoultoheaven;
andhewouldraTherkillhissoul.?
premeditatedkillingofakinganditspoliticalresult,becauseatthattimeTheabruptdeathofThekingmightcausepanictoThepeopleanddangertoThestate.sowhatheconsidersnowisnolongerhispersonalwrongbutThefateofhiscountry.?
afreudianexplanation:
oedipuscomplex第二篇：
TherootofTheTragedyofHamletTherearemanyreasonsforTherootsofTheTragedyofHamlet,buti’dliketoillustratethreereasonswhichithinkareThemostsignificantones.first,it’sHamlet’sowncharacter.he’sweakandhilarious,andbecauseofthissensitive,hewashesitant.allhisenergyisconcentratedonmakingadecision;
ThereforehelostThepowerofaction.forthisreason,hewasrestrainedinThethoughtswheTherheshouldrevengeforhisfaTher.second,Hamletisactuallyahumanist,hethought“whatapieceofworkisaman,hownobleinreason,howinfiniteinfacilities,informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable,inactionhowlikeanangel,inapprehensionhowlikeagod,ThebeautyofTheworld,Theparagonofanimals.”butafterallthosethings,heonlyfeltdisappointedtowardshumanandhumanityandbecamemelancholy.also,he’slongingforjusticeandfreedom,butThesocietyisfullofdespotism,repression,deceiveanddecay.actually,ThefightbetweenHamletandhicuncleclaudiusisinessenceafightandconflictbetweendifferentclasses,betweenTheroyalfamilyandThenewlyappeared,Thestillweakbourgeoisieclass.buthewasbornasaprince,grownupinTheroyalfamilyandenjoyedThenobleprivilegesincehewasborn.Therefore,it’sprettyhardforhimtorevengeforhisuncleandTheclasshisunclerepresented.andthisisareflectionofThesocietyatthattime,whichThecontradictionismoreandmoretensed.third,itisbecauseofhisoedipuscomplex.hisloveforhismoTherandhisbeliefinTheloyalloveisdestroyedbyhismoTher’sremarriage,sincehismoTherforgetThehappinesstogeTherwithhisfaTherandremarriedhisuncleverysoonafterhisfaTher’sdeath.thiswasconsideredincestatthattimeandiswhatHamletcannotaccept.andthiscausedenormouspsychologicalshadowonhim.besides,hislovetowardsopheliaisobstructedbyophelia’sbroTher.andopheliaistightlycontrolledbyhisbroTher.Therefore,hisfancytowardswomenisvanished,andsaid“frailty,Thenameiswoman.”第三篇：
listsomeofThefeaturesofHamletwhichfitinwithitsclassificationasarevengeTragedylistsomeofThefeaturesofHamletwhichfitinwithitsclassificationasarevengeTragedyThepur
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