考研英语二真题及答案解析Word格式.docx
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7
toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.
Theideaisto
8
afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould
9
whichsystemtojoin，andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'
slicense
10
bythegovernment.
GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"
singlesign-on"
systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto
11
justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.
12.theapproachwouldcreatea"
walledgarden"
ncyberspace，withsafe"
neighborhoods"
andbright"
streetlights"
toestablishasenseofa
13
community.
Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"
voluntaryecosystem"
inwhich"
individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith
14
，trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure
15
whichthetransactionruns"
.
Still，theadministration'
splanhas
16
privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach；
othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould
17
beacompulsoryInternet"
drive'
slicense"
mentality.
Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith
18
bysomecomputersecurityexperts，whoworrythatthe"
envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet
19
.TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe
20
toregisterandidentifythemselves，inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.
1．
A.swept
B.skipped
C.walked
D.ridden
2．
A.for
B.within
C.while
D.though
3．
A.careless
B.lawless
C.pointless
D.helpless
4．
A.reason
B.reminder
Cpromise
D.proposal
5．
A.information
B.interference
C.entertainment
D.equivalent
6．
A.by
B.into
C.from
D.over
7．
A.linked
B.directed
C.chained
Dpared
8．
A.dismiss
B.discover
C.create
D.improve
9．
A.recall
B.suggest
C.select
D.realize
10．
A.relcased
B.issued
C.distributed
D.delivered
11．
A.carryon
B.lingeron
C.setin
D.login
12．
A.Invain
B.Ineffect
C.Inreturn
D.Incontrast
13．
A.trusted
B.modernized
c.thriving
Dpeting
14．
A.caution
B.delight
C.confidence
D.patience
15．
A.on
B.after
C.beyond
D.across
16．
A.divided
B.disappointed
C.protected
D.united
17．
A.frequestly
B.incidentally
C.occasionally
D.eventually
18．
A.skepticism
B.relerance
C.indifference
D.enthusiasm
19．
A.manageable
B.defendable
C.vulnerable
D.invisible
20．
A.invited
B.appointed
C.allowed
D.forced
SectionII
ReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）
Text
1
RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'
sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000：
ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2021Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'
scompensationcommittee；
howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked？
ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime，shesaid.
Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful，yetlessbiased，advisersonafirm'
sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere，theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'
sproposals.Ifthesky，andthesharepriceisfalling，outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.
TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10，000firmsandmorethan64，000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage，sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"
surprise"
disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture，theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases，andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive，itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"
tradeup."
Leavingriskier，smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.
Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks，evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons，onceagainverypopularoncampus.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1，Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor
.
[A]gainingexcessiveprofits
[B]failingtofulfillherduty
[C]refusingtomakecompromises
[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes
22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe
[A]generousinvestors
[B]unbiasedexecutives
[C]sharepriceforecasters
[D]independentadvisers
23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversityafteranoutsidedirector'
ssurprisedeparture，thefirmislikelyto
[A]becomemorestable
[B]reportincreasedearnings
[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket
[D]performworseinlawsuits
24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors
[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm
[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm
[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm
[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm
25.Theauthor'
sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
2
Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspaper？
Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'
sFederalTradecommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations？
Shouldthestatesubsidizethem？
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
Inmuchoftheworldthereisthesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers，whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeoftheglobalindustry，havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago，butprofitallthesame.
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13，500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand，sadlyformanyjournalists，theycanbepushedfurther.
Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses，withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2021，accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&
Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.
Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody，butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspaperareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.
26.Bysaying"
Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"
（Lines3-4，Para.1），theauthorindicatesthatnewspaper
[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis
[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies
[C]werenotcharitablecorporations
[D]wereinadesperatesituation
27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause
[A]readersthreatenedtopayless
[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts
[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas
[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts
28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts，Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecausethey
[A]havemoresourcesofrevenue
[B]havemorebalancednewsrooms
[C]arelessdependentonadvertising
[D]arelessaffectedbyreadership
29.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphaboutthecurrentnewspaperbusiness？
[A]Distinctivenessisanessentialfeatureofnewspapers.
[B]Completenessistoblameforthefailureofnewspaper.
[C]Forei
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