英语词汇学考前串讲Word文档格式.docx
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二.
串讲内容：
Introduction
部分：
Lexicology
这门课算哪一种学科的分支:
a
branch
linguistics.
Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:
1）Morphology
2）
Semantics
3）
Stylistics
4）
Etymology
5）
Lexicography
研究lexicology
的两大方法:
1）
Diachronic
approach
历时语言学
Synchronic
共时语言学
e.g.
wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman
词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？
Woman
的词义的变化算Narrowing
or
specialization
第一章部分：
word?
词具有哪些特点？
词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
A
word
minimal
free
form
language;
sound
unity
given
sound;
unit
meaning;
that
can
function
alone
in
sentence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
词的分类（classification
word）
词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？
或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？
simple
words
complex
单音节词例子：
Man
and
fine
are
simple
多音节词例子：
Management,
misfortune,
blackmail
management
可以次划分为manage
和
-ment
misfortune
可以次划分为mis-
fortune
次划分为black
mail
the
relationship
between
meaning?
1）There
‘no
logical
actual
thing.
dog.
cat
2）The
them
conventional.
In
different
languages
same
concept
be
represented
by
sounds.
form?
1）The
written
natural
language
record
oral
form.
Naturally
should
agree
with
form,
such
as
English
language.
2）This
fairly
true
its
earliest
stage
i.e.
Old
3）With
development
language,
more
differences
occur
two.
great
changes
causes
illogical
irregularity
The
internal
reason
for
this
alphabet
was
adopted
from
Romans,
which
does
not
have
separate
letter
to
represent
each
so
some
letters
must
do
double
duty
work
together
combination.
Another
pronunciation
has
changed
rapidly
than
spelling
over
years,
cases
two
drawn
far
apart.
third
were
created
early
scribes.
Finally
comes
borrowing,
an
important
channel
enriching
vocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词：
influenced
Romans
Pronunciation
scribes
borrowing
你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？
stimulus
（L）
fiesta
（Sp）
eureka
（Gr）,
kimono
（Jap）
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound
’不一致。
vocabulary?
Vocabulary
refers
total
number
but
it
stand
all
used
particular
historical
period.
also
dialect,
book,
discipline
possessed
individual
person.
Classification
Words
（本课的一个重点,
年年考试都考）
classification
words?
How
classify
linguistics?
Three
criteria:
By
use
frequency
notion
origin
frequency
可划分为：
basic
stock
Nonbasic
vocabulary
Content
word
Functional
known
notional
words.
（Content
的别称）
empty
words,
（
possesses
characteristic
stock,
stability
According
Stuart
Robertson
et
al
（1957）,*
the
nine
functional
namely
and
will
you
characteristics
stock?
All
national
character
Stability
Productivity
Polysemy
Collocability
要把握住‘All
character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词
稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？
man,
woman
fire,
water
…
machine,
video,
telephone
bow,
chariot
knight
relative,
absolute.
根据词的use
划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None
vocabulary,
非基本词有几大特点？
或者是几大分类？
Terminology
sonata,
algebra
Jargon
Bottom
line
）
Slang
smoky,
bear
Argot
persuader
Dialectal
station
AusE
=
ranch
bluid
ScotE=
blood）
6）
Archaisms
wilt
（will）
7）
Neologisms
email
beaver
是girl
的slang
表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic
difference
Which
constitutes
larger
among
content
?
Answer
native
（1）
origin,
classified
into
borrowed
words.
（2）
Native
brought
Britain
fifth
century
German
tribes:
Angles,
Saxons,
Jutes,
thus
know
Anglo-Saxon
（3）
small
amounting
roughly
50,000
60,000,
they
mainstream
stock
at
core
language
什么叫borrowed
Answer:
taken
foreign
loan
borrowings
terms.
It
estimated
constitute
80
percent
modern
vast
debts
.In
any
dictionary
80%
entries
borrowed.
什么叫Denizens?
Denizens
past
now
well
assimilated
language.
other
come
conform
way
spelling,
port
portus
（L）.
‘Denizens’的例子都要记：
Port
（L）,
cup
cuppa
shift
skipta
（ON）,
shirt
skyrta
change
changier
（F）,
pork
porc
（F）.
什么叫Translation-loans
Translation-loans
expressions
formed
existing
material
modeled
on
patterns
another
‘
long
time
no
see
haojiumeijian
（Ch）
什么叫Semantic-loans
category
reference
But
their
new
such
dream
which
originally
meant
’joy’
‘music
’,
later
Norse.
第二章：
Indo-European
Language
Family
assumed
world
approximately
3,000（some
put
5,000）languages
grouped
300
families
basis
similarities
grammar
.
（重点：
语系划分的标准）
criteria
divide
answer
1.
2.
grammar
（重点）The
Balto-Slavic
comprises
as（选择题内容：
Prussian,
Lithuanian
Polish
Czech,
Bulgarian
Slovenian
Russian.
‘Indo-European’
两大分支：
1.Eastern
set
2.Western
set
Eastern
set:
Balto-Slavic,
Indo-Iranian,
Armenian
Albanian
Western
Celtic,
Italic
Hellenic,
Germanic.
western
Set,
Greek
derived
Hellenic.
Celtic
：
Scottish,
Irish,
Welsh,
Breton
five
Romance
languages,
Portuguese,
Spanish,
French,
Italian
Roumanian
belong
Italic.
Germanic
family
consists
four
Northern
European
Languages:
Norwegian
Icelandic,
Danish
Swedish
generally
Scandinavian
languages.
Then
there
German,
Dutch
Flemish
English.
With
Vikings’
invasion,
many
came
least
900
survived
English.
vocabulary
about
60,000
highly
inflected
just
like
German.
重点句:
Modern
began
establishment
printing
England
古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于
（scripts
古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了
scripts）
Sound
真正达到统一是在什么时期？
.Sound
reached
concord
period
如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern
又可以细划分为
period.
*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期
（重要的选择或填空内容）
Early
appeared
Renaissance
有什么样的外来语的进入？
Latin
swarmed
现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是
（colonization）
richness
arises
（Colonization
evolved
synthetic
present
analytic
重要选择或填空内容）
Growth
Present-day
main
sources
rapid
science
technology
2）Social,
economic
political
changes;
3）The
influence
cultures
2.4
Modes
Development
1）creation
semantic
2）Semantic
（还包括外来词的Semantic
loans
）
Elevation,
degradation,
extension,
narrowing,
transfer
外来词可以被称作borrowed
因此又可以被称作
重点句：
loaned
恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色
Reviving
archaic
obsolete
contributes
growth
though
quite
insignificant.
This
especially
American
英语从synthetic
发展到present
analytical
是在英语的哪
升级会员 