建筑信息模型BIM论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Word文件下载.docx
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Changingrolesoftheclients,architectsandcontractorsthroughBIM
Abstract
Purpose–Thispaperaimstopresentageneralreviewofthepracticalimplicationsofbuildinginformationmodelling(BIM)basedonliteratureandcasestudies.ItseekstoaddressthenecessityforapplyingBIMandre-organisingtheprocessesandrolesinhospitalbuildingprojects.Thistypeofprojectiscomplexduetocomplicatedfunctionalandtechnicalrequirements,decisionmakinginvolvingalargenumberofstakeholders,andlong-termdevelopmentprocesses.Design/methodology/approach–ThroughdeskresearchandreferringtotheongoingEuropeanresearchprojectInPro,theframeworkforintegratedcollaborationandtheuseofBIMareanalysed.Throughseveralrealcases,thechangingrolesofclients,architects,andcontractorsthroughBIMapplicationareinvestigated.
Findings–OneofthemainfindingsistheidentificationofthemainfactorsforasuccessfulcollaborationusingBIM,whichcanberecognisedas“POWER”:
productinformationsharing(P),organisationalrolessynergy(O),workprocessescoordination(W),environmentforteamwork(E),andreferencedataconsolidation(R).Furthermore,itisalsofoundthattheimplementationofBIMinhospitalbuildingprojectsisstilllimitedduetocertaincommercialandlegalbarriers,aswellasthefactthatintegratedcollaborationhasnotyetbeenembeddedinthe
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realestatestrategiesofhealthcareinstitutions.
Originality/value–ThispapercontributestotheactualdiscussioninscienceandpracticeonthechangingrolesandprocessesthatarerequiredtodevelopandoperatesustainablebuildingswiththesupportofintegratedICTframeworksandtools.Itpresentsthestate-of-the-artofEuropeanresearchprojectsandsomeofthefirstrealcasesofBIMapplicationinhospitalbuildingprojects.KeywordsEurope,Hospitals,TheNetherlands,Constructionworks,Responseflexibility,Projectplanning
PapertypeGeneralreview
1.Introduction
Hospitalbuildingprojects,areofkeyimportance,andinvolvesignificant investment,andusuallytakealong-termdevelopmentperiod.Hospitalbuildingprojectsarealsoverycomplexduetothecomplicatedrequirementsregardinghygiene,safety,specialequipments,andhandlingofalargeamountofdata.Thebuildingprocessisverydynamicandcomprisesiterativephasesandintermediatechanges.Manyactorswithshiftingagendas,rolesandresponsibilitiesareactivelyinvolved,suchas:
thehealthcareinstitutions,nationalandlocalgovernments,projectdevelopers,financialinstitutions,architects,contractors,advisors,facilitymanagers,andequipmentmanufacturersandsuppliers.Suchbuildingprojectsareverymuchinfluenced,bythehealthcarepolicy,whichchangesrapidlyinresponsetothemedical,societalandtechnologicaldevelopments,andvariesgreatlybetweencountries(WorldHealthOrganization,2000).InTheNetherlands,forexample,thewayabuildingprojectinthehealthcaresectorisorganisedisundergoingamajorreformduetoafundamentalchangeintheDutchhealthpolicythatwasintroducedin2008.
Therapidlychangingcontextpostsaneedforabuildingwithflexibilityoveritslifecycle.Inordertoincorporatelife-cycleconsiderationsinthebuildingdesign,constructiontechnique,andfacilitymanagementstrategy,amultidisciplinarycollaborationisrequired.Despitetheattemptforestablishingintegratedcollaboration,healthcarebuildingprojectsstillfacesseriousproblemsinpractice,suchas:
budgetoverrun,delay,andsub-optimalqualityintermsofflexibility,end-user‟sdissatisfaction,andenergyinefficiency.Itisevidentthatthelackofcommunicationandcoordinationbetweentheactorsinvolvedinthedifferentphasesofabuildingprojectis
amongthemostimportantreasonsbehindtheseproblems.Thecommunicationbetweendifferentstakeholdersbecomescritical,aseachstakeholderpossessesdifferentsetofskills.Asaresult,theprocessesforextraction,interpretation,andcommunicationofcomplexdesigninformationfromdrawingsanddocumentsareoftentime-consuminganddifficult.Advancedvisualisationtechnologies,like4Dplanninghavetremendouspotentialtoincreasethecommunicationefficiencyandinterpretationabilityoftheprojectteammembers.However,theiruseasaneffectivecommunicationtoolisstilllimitedandnotfullyexplored(DawoodandSikka,2008).
Therearealsootherbarriersintheinformationtransferandintegration,forinstance:
manyexistingICTsystemsdonotsupporttheopennessofthedataandstructurethatisprerequisiteforaneffectivecollaborationbetweendifferentbuildingactorsordisciplines.
Buildinginformationmodelling(BIM)offersanintegratedsolutiontothepreviouslymentionedproblems.Therefore,BIMisincreasinglyusedasanICTsupportincomplexbuildingprojects.AneffectivemultidisciplinarycollaborationsupportedbyanoptimaluseofBIMrequirechangingrolesoftheclients,architects,andcontractors;
newcontractualrelationships;
andre-organisedcollaborativeprocesses.Unfortunately,therearestillgapsinthepracticalknowledgeonhowtomanagethebuildingactorstocollaborateeffectivelyintheirchangingroles,andtodevelopandutiliseBIMasanoptimalICTsupportofthecollaboration.
Thispaperpresentsageneralreviewofthepracticalimplicationsofbuildinginformationmodelling(BIM)basedonliteraturereviewandcasestudies.Inthenextsections,basedonliteratureandrecentfindingsfromEuropeanresearchprojectInPro,theframeworkforintegratedcollaborationandtheuseofBIMareanalysed.Subsequently,throughtheobservationoftwoongoingpilotprojectsinTheNetherlands,thechangingrolesofclients,architects,andcontractorsthroughBIMapplicationareinvestigated.Inconclusion,thecriticalsuccessfactorsaswellasthemainbarriersofasuccessfulintegratedcollaborationusingBIMareidentified.
2.Changingrolesthroughintegratedcollaborationandlife-cycledesignapproaches
Ahospitalbuildingprojectinvolvesvariousactors,roles,andknowledgedomains.InTheNetherlands,thechangingrolesofclients,architects,andcontractorsinhospitalbuildingprojectsareinevitableduethenewhealthcarepolicy.PreviouslyundertheHealthcareInstitutionsAct(WTZi),healthcareinstitutionswererequiredtoobtainbothalicenseandabuildingpermitfornewconstructionprojectsandmajorrenovations.ThepermitwasissuedbytheDutchMinistryof
Health.Thehealthcareinstitutionsweretheneligibletoreceivefinancialsupportfromthegovernment.Since2008,newlegislationonthemanagementofhospitalbuildingprojectsandrealestatehascomeintoforce.Inthisnewlegislation,apermitforhospitalbuildingprojectundertheWTZiisnolongerobligatory,norobtainable(DutchMinistryofHealth,WelfareandSport,2008).Thischangeallowsmorefreedomfromthestate-directedpolicy,andrespectively,allocatesmoreresponsibilitiestothehealthcareorganisationstodealwiththefinancingandmanagementoftheirrealestate.Thenewpolicyimpliesthatthehealthcareinstitutionsarefullyresponsibletomanageandfinancetheirbuildingprojectsandrealestate.Thegovernment‟ssupportforthecostsofhealthcarefacilitieswillnolongerbegivenseparately,butwillbeincludedinthefeeforhealthcareservices.Thismeansthathealthcareinstitutionsmustearnbacktheirinvestmentonrealestatethroughtheirservices.Thisnewpolicyintendstostimulatesustainableinnovationsinthedesign,procurementandmanagementofhealthcarebuildings,whichwillcontributetoeffectiveandefficientprimaryhealthcareservices.
Thenewstrategyforbuildingprojects andrealestatemanagementendorsesanintegratedcollaborationapproach.Inordertoassurethesustainabilityduringconstruction,use,andmaintenance,theend-users,facilitymanagers,contractorsandspecialist contractorsneedtobeinvolvedintheplanninganddesignprocesses.Theimplicationsofthenewstrategyarereflectedinthechangingrolesofthebuildingactorsandinthenewprocurementmethod.
Inthetraditionalprocurementmethod,thedesign,anditsdetails,aredevelopedbythearchitect,anddesignengineers.Then,theclient(thehealthcareinstitution)sendsanapplicationtotheMinistryofHealthtoobtainanapprovalonthebuildingpermitandthefinancialsupportfromthegovernment.Followingthis,acontractorisselectedthroughatenderprocessthatemphasisesthesearchforthelowest-pricebidder.Duringtheconstructionperiod,changesoftentakeplaceduetoconstructabilityproblemsofthedesignandnewrequirementsfromtheclient.
Becauseofthehighleveloftechnicalcomplexity,andmoreover,decision-makingcomplexities,thewholeprocessfrominitiationuntildeliveryofahospitalbuildingprojectcantakeuptotenyearstime.Afterthedelivery,thehealthcareinstitutionisfullyinchargeoftheoperationofthefacilities.Redesignsandchangesalsotakeplaceintheusephasetocopewithnewfunctionsanddevelopmentsinthemedicalworld(vanReedtDortland,2009).
Theintegratedprocurementpicturesanewcontractualrelationshipbetweentheparties
involvedinabuildingproject.Insteadofarelationshipbetweentheclientandarchitectfordesign,andtheclientandcontractorforconstruction,inanintegratedprocurementtheclientonlyholdsacontractualrelationshipwiththemainpartythatisresponsibleforbothdesignandconstruction
(JointContractsTribunal,2007).Thetraditionalbordersbetweentasksandoccupationalgroupsbecomeblurredsincearchitects,consultingfirms,contractors,subcontractors,andsup