英语政治演讲中的人际功能分析523.docx

英语政治演讲中的人际功能分析523.docx

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英语政治演讲中的人际功能分析523

Chapter2LiteratureReview

Systemic-FunctionalGrammarregardsdiscourseaslanguagewhichisfunctionalormetafunctionalconstruct,whichmeansspeakersuselanguagetodescribevariousexperiencesoftherealworldandtheinterpersonalrelationshiparerealizedthroughconsistentdiscourseduringcommunication.Hallidayidentifiesthreemetafunctionsoflanguage,whichareatthesamelevelandofthesameimportance.Thefirstistheideationalfunction,usinglanguagetotalkaboutourexperienceoftheworld.Thesecondistheinterpersonalfunction,usinglanguagetointeractwithotherpeople.Thethirdisthetextualfunction,usinglanguagetoorganizeourmessages.ThisthesiswillmakeuseofHalliday'sSystemic-FunctionalGrammarasatheoreticalframeworktoexplorethegeneralrealizationoftheinterpersonalfunctionintheEnglishPoliticalSpeeches.Thischaptermainlyintendstogiveageneralaccountoftheinfluentialtheoriesontheinterpersonalfunctionbasedondifferentlinguists'modelsaswellassomeinfluentialtheoriesrelatedtoEnglishPoliticalSpeeches.

2.1AnOverviewofInterpersonalFunction

Functionallinguiststakethemainresponsibilitytodefinetheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.Fromtheirviewpoints,interpersonalfunctionreferstopeopleuselanguagetointeractwithotherpeopletoestablishandmaintainsocialandpersonalrelations,toinfluencetheirattitudesandbehaviors,toshowpersonalopersonalonthingsintheworld.Interpersonalfunctionoflanguagecanalsobetermedasinterpersonalmeaning.However,asLiZhanzi（2002）proposed,interpersonalfunctionisnotmerelyconfinedtotheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.Itactuallyhasbeenstudiedforalongtimefromdifferentperspectivesbyvariouslinguists.

Asearlyas1929,Bakhtin（1984）pointedoutthatmeaningneitherliesinthewordorthesoulofthespeakernorthelistener,buttheeffectofinteractionbetweenspeakerandlistenerproducedviathematerialofaparticularsoundcomplex.Thosewordshaverealizedthelanguagefunctionofbothconveyingmeaningandinteracting.Itshowstheelementarycognitionoftheinterpersonalfunction.

Discourseanalyststakemuchinterestininterpersonalfunctionandstudyitfromaquitespecialperspective.Theyregardthediscourseasdynamicratherthanstaticandtakeaccountofallfactorsthatmayinfluencetheorganizationofthediscourse.Theytakenoticeofnotonlythepurposesandfunctionsofthediscoursesbutalsohowthediscoursesareprocessed.Theprocessincludesboththewaythereceivertakesinthepotentialmeaningoftheproducerandthewaytheproducerorganizesthemessageinconsiderationofthereceiveroncertainoccasion.Discourseanalystsputemphasisonthisprocessanddiscussit.Brown&Yule（1983,p.24）claimsitis';anapproachthattakestheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguageasitsprimaryareaofinvestigationandconsequentlyseekstodescribealinguisticform,notasastaticobject,butasadynamicmeansofexpressingintendedmeaning".Discourseanalystsputemphasisonthesocialandpsychologicalaspectsofthecompositionofadiscourse,butithasthevitaldeficiencyofneglectingthegrammaticaldemonstrationwhichmayresultintheoversubjectivejudgmentofthereceiver.

Pragmaticlinguistspaygreatattentiononthesocialstatus,ageandsexofthespeakerandthehearerinthecontextofsituation.Pragmaticsisevenregardedasthedisciplinestudyinglinguisticinteractionbetween'I'and'you'"（Wierzbicka,1999,p.5）.Brown&Levinson（1978）putforwardthepolitenessprinciple,whichisinherentlyinterpersonal-oriented.Accordingtothistheory,peoplearetryingtosaveeachother'sfacewhentheyareengagedinspeechacts,whichis"somethingthatisemotionallyinvested,andthatcanbelost,maintainedorenhanced,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteraction"（Brown&Levinson,1978,p.66）.Thoughpragmaticlinguists'viewpointoninterpersonalfunctioncanenlightentheanalysisontextuallevel,ithasthedeficiencyofneglectinggrammaticalstructure,either.

Besideswhathasbeendiscussedabove,therearestillsomeothervoicesmakingresearchesontheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.However.theirdeficiencyiscommon,thatisneglectingthegrammaticalstructuresofthetextandlackingastandardtoscalethedifferentdegreesofinterpersonalfunctionondifferentoccasions.Nevertheless.theSystemic-FunctionalGrammarisabletosolvetheproblembyconnectingthegrammaticalstructurestothemeaningorfunctionoflanguage,andit.willbemainlyemployedinthepresentstudy.Meanwhile,somemeritsofthementionedstudyoninterpersonalfunctioncanalsobeincorporated.Thefollowingsectionwillreviewsomeotherinfluentialmodelsofinterpersonalfunctionfromthefunctionalgrammarperspectiveintoparticulars.

2.2InfluentialModelsofInterpersonalFunction

Thispartwillpresentfourinfluentialmodalsofinterpersonalfunctionstudiedbyfunctionallinguists.

2.2.1Halliday'sModelofInterpersonalFunction

AccordingtoHalliday'sconceptualframeworkofSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,languageisviewedasasemioticsystem.Thissystemissustainedbyanetworkofinterrelatedandmufii-layeredsystemsofoptionsinmeaning.Inthissense,textisasemanticentity,whichisafunctionalconfigurationofchoiceofmeaning.Thusadiscoursegrammarindeedshouldbefunctionalandsemanticinitsorientation,withthegrammaticalstructuresexplainedastherealizationofsemanticpatterns.InSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,functionequalsmeaning（Halliday,2000）.

Hallidayputsforwardthreemetafunctionsoflanguageincludingtheideationalmetafunction,theinterpersonalmetafunction,andthetextualmetafunctionbyobservingchildren'sacquisitionoflanguage.Hepointsoutthethreemetafunctionsareatthesamelevelandofthesameimportance.Halliday（1994）interpretsthethreemetafunctionsasfollowed:

ideationalmetafunctionmeansusinglanguagetodescribeourexperienceoftheworld;theinterpersonalmetafunctionenablespeopletointeractwithotherpeople;andthetextualmetafunctionreferstouselanguagetoorganizeourmessages.

Indailylife,peoplecommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguagetotalkabouttheworldaroundthem,alongwithwhichtheyareinteractingwitheachother,andthusestablishandmaintaincertainsocialrelationshipsbetweenthem.Peopledescribetheworldintheirowneyesandinaverypersonalwaywhichcannotbetheahundredpercentreflectionoftherealworld.Thusthespeaker'sviewpointsonthingsinevitablymakesubjectiveattitudesandjudgmentsbuttheyaretryingtoinfluence.

andchangeothersviewpointsaboutcertainthings.Suchistheinterpersonalfunction.Therefore,interpersonalfunctionrepresentsthespeaker'smeaningpotentialasanintruder,carryingaheavysemanticload.Itencompassesthedynamicsoftherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,andtheuseoflanguagetoexpressone'sattitudeandtoinfluencetheattitudesorbehaviorofthehearer（Halliday,1985）.

AccordingtoHalliday,theclauseisorganizedasaninteractiveeventinvolvingspeakerorwriter,andaudience.Halliday（1985）proposesthattheinterpersonalfunctioncarriesaheavysemanticloadandhefocusesonmoodandmodalityasthemainlexico-grammaticalsystemstorealizetheinterpersonalfunction.Hementionstheexistenceofothermeansofinterpersonalfunction,namely,inthepersonsystem,intheattitudinaltypeofepithet,intheconnotativemeaningsoflexicalitems,inprosodicfeaturessuchasswearingwordsandvoicequality（Halliday,1994,p.191）.Hallidaydoesrealizetheotherresourcesoftheinterpersonalfunction,buthedoesnotmentiontheminadetailedway.ThemodelofHalliday'sinterpersonalfunctionshowsthatmoodandmodalityareinaparallelposition,buttheevaluationsystemismentionedonlymarginallyasrealizedbycommentadjuncts.ThefollowingfigureisthesummaryofHalliday'smodelofinterpersonalfunction.

Modalization

Figure2.1Halliday'sModelofInterpersonalSystem

ThoughHallidaypaysgreatattentiononmeaning,hedoesnotneglecttheformoflanguage.A1lthreefunctionsarelocatedbothatthelevelofsemanticsandgrammar.Heproposesthatthesethreekindsoffunctionscanberealizedbylinguisticunitsofallkinds:

word,wordgroup,prepositionalphrase,clause,clausecomplexandtext,whicharerelatedbothbeforethecontextualvariablesandafterlexico-grammar（Halliday,2003,p.110）.Thelexico-granunaticalresourcestorealizeinterpersonalfunctionarethoseofmoodandmodality,intensificationandotherevaluationdevicesrealizedprosodicallythroughoutthetext.Besidesthesethreemainfactors,Hallidayalsomentionedthatinterpersonalfunctioncanalsoberealizedbythepersonsystem,theattitudinaltypeofepithet,theconnotativemeaningsoflexicalitemsfunctioninginthegroupandinprosodicfeaturessuchasswear-wordsandvoicequality（Halliday,2000,p.191）.ThisthesismainlyadoptsHalliday'smodelofinterpersonal'functiononIexico-grammaticallevelinSystemic-FunctionalGrammarastheframeworkfromperspectivesofmoodandmodalitysystemstoanalyzetherealizationofinterpersonalfunctionintheEnglishPoliticalSpeeches.

2.2.2Thompson'sModelofInterpersonalFunction

AsoneofHalliday'ssupporters,ThompsonalsodidresearchontheinterpersonalfunctionandfurtheredHalliday'sstudyandmadesomeachievements.Sincemoodconcernsthesocialrolethespeakerhastakenandassignsrolestoreaderandwriter,whilemodalitywhichinvolvesthewriter'sownjudgmentsandattitudesanditsrelationwiththeinterpersonalelementsee