英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析word.doc

英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析word.doc

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TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS（2011）

GRADEEIGHTTIMELIMIT:

195MIN

PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION

SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE

Inthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE.SomeofthegapsmayrequireamaximumofTHREEwords.Makesuretheword（s）youfillinis（are）bothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.Youmayrefertoyournoteswhilecompletingthetask.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking.

Now,listentothemini-lecture.

ClassificationsofCultures

AccordingtoEdwardHall,differentculturesresultindifferentideasabouttheworld.Hallisananthropologist.Heisinterestedinrelationsbetweencultures.

I.High-contextculture

A.feature

-context:

moreimportantthanthemessage

-meaning:

（1）__________

i.e.moreattentionpaidto

（2）___________thantothemessageitself

B.examples

-personalspace

-preferencefor（3）__________

-lessrespectforprivacy/personalspace

-attentionto（4）___________

-conceptoftime

-beliefin（5）____________interpretationoftime

-noconcernforpunctuality

-nocontrolovertime

II.Low-contextculture

A.feature

-message:

separatefromcontext

-meaning:

（6）___________

B.examples

-personalspace

-desire/respectforindividuality/privacy

-lessattentiontobodylanguage

-moreconcernfor（7）___________

-attitudetowardtime

-conceptoftime:

（8）____________

-dislikeof（9）_____________

-timeseenascommodity

III.Conclusion

Awarenessofdifferentculturalassumptions

-relevanceinworkandlife

e.g.business,negotiation,etc.

-（10）_____________insuccessfulcommunication

参考答案：

（1）contextofmessage

（2）what'shappening/thecontext

（3）closenesstopeople

（4）bodylanguage

（5）poly-chronic

（6）messageitself

（7）themessage

（8）mono-chronic

（9）lateness

（10）greatinfluence/significance

TIPS：

（1）根据原文中一句“Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oraneventcarriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.”可知答案。

（2）根据原文“Whatthismeansisthatinahigh-contextculture,moreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.”可知答案。

（3）根据原文“Generallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethisgreaterdependencyongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople.”可得出答案。

（4）根据原文“Andalsopeoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguage.”可得出答案。

（5）根据原文“Peopleinhigh-contextcultures,areconsideredtohave,whatiscalledapoly-chronicattitudetowardtime.”可得出答案。

（6）根据原文“Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theeventortheactionisaseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext.”可得出答案。

（7）根据原文“Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything.”可得出答案。

（8）原文提到在low-contextculture中，人们对时间的态度可称为mono-chronic。

（9）根据原文“Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlateness,becausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.”可得出答案。

（10）根据文章末尾部分“Ifyou'reinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyou'redealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.Inanymulti-culturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.”可知，在商务活动、谈判、人际交往中，与来自不同文化的人打交道时，这些想法对成功的交际起着非常重要的作用。

script:

ClassificationsofCultures

Goodmorning,everyone!

Today,we'lllookatcultureorratherclassificationsofcultures.Usually,whenwedealwithdifferentpeople,wedealwiththemasifwewereallmembersofthesameculture.However,it'spossiblethatpeoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentassumptionsabouttheworld.Wegotinsuchimportantandbasicideasastime,personalspace.AndthisistheviewofEdwardHall.AndEdwardHallisananthropologistwhospentalargepartofhislifestudyingAmericanIndians,theirculture,theirlanguage.Buthewasdifferentfromalotofotheranthropologistswhojuststudyoneculture.Hewasinterestedintherelationsbetweencultures,howculturesinteract.WhatHallbelievesisthatculturescanbeclassifiedbyplacingthemonacontinuum,rangingfromwhathecalledhigh-contexttolow-context.

OK,whatisahigh-contextculture?

Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oraneventcarriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.Whatthismeansisthatinahigh-contextculture,moreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.

Now,letmegiveyouexamples.First,intermsofpersonalspace.Generallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethisgreaterdependencyongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople.Andtheyhavelessrespectforprivacy,forpersonalspace.Ifyougointothatculture,peoplemightstandcloserwhenthey'retalkingtoyou.Theymighttouchmore.Andifthey'rejostledinacrowd,theywon'tfeelviolated.Andalsopeoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguage.BecauserememberwhatIsaid,thedefinitionofahigh-contextcultureisthatmoreattentionispaidtothecontextofthemessagethantothemessageitself.Andpartofthecontextisbodylanguage.

Second,intermsoftime.Peopleinhigh-contextcultures,areconsideredtohave,whatiscalledapoly-chronicattitudetowardtime.Here,"poly"meansmultipleand"chronic"meanstime.Whatthismeansisthattheybelievepeople,things,eventshavetheirowntime.Andtherecan'tbeastandardsystemoftimeforeverything.Whatthisleadsthemtobelieveisthatyoucan'temphasizepunctuality.Thingshappenwhentheyaresupposedtohappen.So,there'sadifferentattitudetowardtime;there'snosetstandardoftime;youcan'tcontroltime;everythinghasitsownsenseoftime.Soit'saculturethatpayslittleattentiontotime,toclocktime.

Now,let'smoveontolow-contextculture.Alow-contextcultureisjusttheopposite.Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theeventortheactionisaseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext.Thatthemessage,theevent,theactionhasmeaninginitself.Sowhatthismeansinalow-contextculture,isthatpeoplepaymoreattentiontotheeventitselfratherthantothecontextwhichsurroundstheeventorthemessage.Forexample,intermsofpersonalspaceagain,there'smoreemphasisonindividuality.Sotheconceptofprivacyisvery,veryimportant.Whereasbefore,asIsaid,inahigh-contextculture,theymightnotevenbeconcernedwithprivacyorpersonalspace.Butinalow-contextculture,there'safeelingthatweeachhaveourownpersonalspace.Ifyougettooclose,ifyoudon'tknockondoorsbeforeentering,that'saninvasionofprivacy.Peoplefeelviolated.There'sarespectandadesireforprivacy.Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything.Theyarenotgoingtoworryaboutallthedetailsaroundit.Whatyousayistheimportantthing,orwhatyoudoistheimportantthing.

Anotherexampleofalow-contextcultureispeople'sattitudetowardstime.Intermsoftime,Isaidbefore,therewasapoly-chronicsenseoftimeinahigh-contextculture.Whatdoyouthinktherewouldbeinalow-contextculture?

Mono-chronic?

Right!

Amono-chronicsenseoftimeandbythatwemeanthatthere'sonetime.Andthatconceptmeansthatpeopleinalow-contextculturebelievethatthere'sonestandardoftime.Andthatshouldbeforeverything.AndsoIamnotwillingtohear"Oh,thetrafficwasheavy.That'swhyI'mlate"or"Oh,Isleptlate".Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlateness,becausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.Thereshouldn'tbeallthisflexibilitywithtimeandtheyexpectpunctuality.Andtheylookattimeasalmostacommoditythattheyuseexpressionslike"usetime,towastetime,tospendtimeortimeismoney".Alloftheseexpressionsreinforcetheconceptthattimeisactuallysomethingyoucanholdonto.

So,whatthisisallaboutisthat,Hallstressesthatpeopleneedtobeawareofthesedifferentassumptionsorconceptsaboutreality.Andhethinksthatthishasallkindsofrelevancenomatterwhatyou'redoing.Ifyou'reinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyou'redealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.Inanymulti-culturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.

OK,todaywe'vetakenabrieflookatEdwardHall'sviewofculture,mainlyhisclassificationofhigh-orlow-contextculturewithsomeexamples.Nextweek,we'lllookatsomemoreexamplesofculturesonacontinuumbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextcultures.

SECTIONBINTERVIEW/CO