专题07 议论文限时特训练习-备战2021年高考英语阅读理解体裁分类限时练习.doc
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专题07阅读理解之议论文体裁限时特训练习
Passage1
体裁:
议论文词数:
325难度:
中建议用时:
8分钟
We'veallbeenthere:
inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.
What'stheproblem?
It'spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It'smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit'sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit'sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit'saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.
Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan'tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren'tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”
Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.“It'snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,”saysDunn.“Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwellbeingalso.”
Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.“Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.
1.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?
A.Addictiontosmartphones.
B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.
C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.
D.Impatiencewithslowservice.
2.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?
A.Showinggoodmanners.
B.Relatingtootherpeople.
C.Focusingonatopic.
D.Makingbusinessdeals.
3.Whatdoesthecoffeeshopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?
A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.
B.Itraisespeople'sconfidence.
C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.
D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.
4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.ConversationCounts
B.WaysofMakingSmallTalk
C.BenefitsofSmallTalk
D.UncomfortableSilence
Passage1
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。
在智能手机时代,人们似乎都不愿意打破沉默与他人交流。
作者在文中指出,我们应该从闲聊开始,学会与人交流,这能增加我们的归属感。
1.解析:
推理判断题。
第一段说,在电梯里、在银行排队或者在坐飞机的时候,我们和身边其他人一样忙着看智能手机,其实是在苦苦应对令人不舒服的沉默。
下文接着说,我们可能都不愿意与他人开始交流,因此第一段描述的现象是C项“陌生人之间缺少交流”,这也是全文的主题。
A、B两项曲解文意,第一段最后总结这种现象说,我们和身边其他人都在与令人不舒服的沉默做斗争,这与A项“对智能手机上瘾”的叙述不符;第一段说身处这些公共场所的时候,我们和周围其他人一样,都在看智能手机,但并未说这是不合适的行为,因此B项“在公共场所不合适的行为”不符合本段的叙述;D项无中生有。
第一段没有提到对慢的服务不耐烦,而是说我们都在看智能手机。
答案:
C
2.解析:
细节理解题。
根据题干中的Carducci可以定位到第三段。
第三段最后卡尔杜齐说,成功的闲聊的关键是学会怎样与他人产生联系,而不只是与他人交谈,这里的connectwith与B项的relateto的含义是一致的,表示“与……相关”。
A、C两项曲解文意,卡尔杜齐没有提到闲聊的礼貌问题,也没有提到闲聊要有一个中心话题;D项本末倒置。
卡尔杜齐说的是这种闲聊可能给我们带来大商机,而D项把这个本末弄颠倒了。
答案:
B
3.解析:
细节理解题。
最后两段谈到2014年的一项研究,在这项研究中,主动与服务员交流的人态度更加积极,这次喝咖啡的体验更快乐,这与D项[它(闲聊)能让人们心情愉快]的陈述是一致的。
A项曲解文意,第四段提到“并不是说,与服务员交流比与自己的丈夫交流更快乐”,这与A项表述不符;B项无中生有,第四段提到与服务员交流能让人的态度更加积极(significantlyhigherpositivefeelings),让人们更快乐,这与B项陈述不一致;C项无中生有,文章最后一句卡尔杜齐说,闲聊是有礼貌的基础,他强调的是闲聊的作用,因此C项不对。
答案:
D
4.解析:
标题归纳题。
本文阐述了闲聊的益处。
放下手机,打破沉默,与陌生人开始闲聊,这能让我们心情更加舒畅,也可能会为我们的成功积攒人脉。
因此选C。
A项范围过大,本文的核心话题是与陌生人之间的闲聊,A项太宽泛;B项曲解文意,本文没有探讨如何展开闲聊;D项以偏概全,本文探讨的是用闲聊来打破沉默这种尴尬的情况。
答案:
C
Passage2
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Askingforhelpisasignofstrengthratherthanweakness.InAmericanculture,theindependentindividualisseenastheirideal.AstheUniversityofMissouriatSt.LouisstatesonitswebsiteundertheheadingKeyAmericanValues,“Americanshavebeentrainedsinceveryearlyintheirlivestoconsiderthemselvesasseparateindividualswhoareresponsiblefortheirownsituationsinlifeandtheirowndestinies.”Thevaluealsomakesthemthinktheycandoeverythingthemselves,andmakesthemfeelbadlyaboutaskingforhelpwhentheyneedit.
Andwhenitcomestoworksituations,whentheythinkaboutaskingforhelpthere,sometimestheyfearthatarequestforhelpwouldmakethemlookinept.Whilethishasalwaysbeentrueformen,manywomenintheworkplacehavefelttheneedtotrytwiceashardastheirmalecolleaguesanddotwiceasmuchtogetjustasfarandtoprovetheirworth.Sometimeswhenwethinkaboutaskingforhelp,ourinnervoicestellus,“See,ifyouadmityoucan’tdothisonyourown,they’llseeyoufortheimposter(骗子)youreallyare.”
Butthefactis,eventhoughindividualismisontherise,wecan’tdoeverythingbyourselvesandweshouldn’ttry.
ApplefounderSteveJobsoncetoldtheSantaClaraValleyHistoricalAssociationaboutthepowerofaskingforhelp,andhowhe“neverfoundanybodywhodidn’twanttohelpmewhenIaskedthemforhelp”.Hesaid,attheageof12,hecalledBillHewlett,cofounderofHewlettPackard,onthephoneaftergettinghisnumberfromthephonebookandaskinghimforsparepartssohecouldbuildafrequencycounter(计频器).AndHewlettagreedandofferedyoungJobsasummerjobassemblingfrequencycounters.
“Ifyou’reafraidoffailing,youwon’tgetveryfar,”Jobssaid.
5.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.WhatkeyAmericanvaluesare.
B.WhyAmericansrefusetoaskforhelp.
C.Askingforhelpisasignofstrength.
D.Americansareresponsiblefortheirlife.
6.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“inept”inParagraph2?
A.Impolite. B.Identical.
C.Incompetent. D.Inappropriate.
7.WhatcanbelearnedfromthisUSculturalphenomenon?
A.Americanssufferalotfrommutualdistrust.
B.Americansseeweaknessasasignofstrength.
C.Americansshouldlearntobuildupconfidence.
D.Americanslayemphasisonindividualvalues.
8.WhatcanwelearnfromJobs’wordsinthelastparagraph?
A.Don’thesitatetoaskforassistance.
B.Bebravetotrywhateveryouwant.
C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.
D.Learntocooperatewithothers.
Passage2
语篇解读:
本文是一篇议论文。
很多人担心求助别人会让别人笑话自己没有能力,因此不愿求助他人,导致他们忽视了求助可能带来的预想不到的效果。
5.解析:
选B 段落大意题。
本段第一句指出了本文的主旨大意,但是接着话锋一转,讲到在美国,由于受到传统文化的影响,人们一般都不愿求助于人,本段主要解释了“美国人为什么一般都不愿求助于人”这个问题。
6.解析:
选C 词义猜测题。
根据本段画线词前后的内容尤其是“togetjustasfarandtoprovetheirworth”可知,此处指请求帮助会使他们看起来没有能力胜任某项工作。
7.解析:
选D 细节理解题。
根据第一、二段可知,美国人的这种有事不求助于人的现象,反映了美国人对个人价值的崇尚。
8.解析:
选A 推理判断题。
根据最后一段Jobs说的话,再结合上一段的内容可知,不要害怕失败,要敢于求助。
Passage3
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(2019·广东省百校联盟第二次联考)Manypeoplewronglythinkthatcitiesdon'thavefarmsandthatfruitsandvegetablesareonlygrowninthecountry.Believeitornot,therearemoreandmoreurbanfarmspoppingupincitiesallovertheworld.
AlexandraSullivan,afoodsystemresearcherinNewYorkCity,studiesurbanagriculture.Urbanagricultureisanothernameforfarmingandgardeninginacityenvironment.Ms.Sullivanstudieseverythingfromtinygardensinemptylotsbetweenbuildingstobiggerfieldsthathavebeenplantedandgrown.AccordingtoMs.Sullivan,“Urbanagriculturehasexistedsincecitieshave,acrosstheworld.”
Thenumberofhumanslivinginurbanareas,orcities,isincreasing.Theamountofpeoplewhowanttogardeninurbanareasisalsorising.Ms.Sullivansays,“Insmallgardens,onrooftopsandindoors,theygrowfruits,vegetables,grains,andherbs,andraiseanimalstoproducemilk,eggs,honey,andmeat.Theyusethesefoodsassupplementstofoodproducedbyruralagriculture.”Eventhoughsomepeoplewholiveinurbanareasgrowcrops,urbanresidentsstillneedtorelyonfoodgrowninruralareas.Thisisbecauseacitydoesn'thaveenoughspacetogrowenoughfoodforeveryonelivinginit.
InNewYorkCity,urbanfarmershavecomeupwithmanydifferentwaystogrowtheirownproduce,eventhoughthereisn'talotofroom.Forexample,BrooklynGrangeisafarmingoperationthathastworooftopvegetablefarmsinNewYorkCity.Alltogether,thefarmsaremadeupof2.5acresofrooftopspace.ThismakesBrooklynGrangeoneofthelargestrooftopfarmingoperationsintheworld.
BrooklynGrangegrowsallkindsofthings.Thefarmingcompanysellsitsvegetablestolocalresidentsandrestaurants.Andbecausethefarmsareonrooftops,theyarespeciallyadaptedtotheirurbanlocation.Theyuseavailablespacethatisnotneededforanythingelse.Asmoreurbanfarmersfindwaystogrowfoodincities,urbanresidentswillbebetterabletogetfreshermaterialsfortheirmeals.
9.WhichofthefollowingisMs.Sullivan'sopinionaccordingtothetext?
A.Thenumberofpeoplelivingincitiesisincreasingslowly.
B.Urbanresidentsstillrelyonfoodgrowninruralareascompletely.
C.Urbanagriculturehasahistoryaslongascities.
D.Urbanagriculturecanprovidehugeincome.
10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”inParagraph3referto?
A.Farmers. B.Cityresidents.
C.Ruralresidents. D.Companies.
11.WhatcanwelearnaboutBrooklynGrangeinNewYorkCityfromthetext?
A.Ithaslargefarmingareas.
B.Itcanonlygrowsingleproducts.
C.Itproducesenoughfoodforcitizens.
D.Itmakesuseofrooftopspacetogrowvegetables.
12.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?
A.FarmsinCities
B.FutureFoodSystem
C.FoodGrowninCities
D.AgricultureofNewYorkCity
Passage3
语篇解读:
许多人认为城市里没有农场,水果和蔬菜仅生长在农村。
实际上,越来越多的都市农场在世界各地的城市里流行起来。
9.解析:
选C 细节理解题。
根据第二段最后一句“AccordingtoMs.Sullivan,‘Urbanagriculturehasexistedsincecitieshave,acrosstheworld.’”可知,Sullivan女士认为都市农业拥有与城市一样长的历史,故选C。
10.解析:
选B 代词指代题。
根据第三段前两句可知,住