英语论文写作引用的方法 About quotation in the thesis.docx

英语论文写作引用的方法 About quotation in the thesis.docx

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英语论文写作引用的方法Aboutquotationinthethesis

Aboutquotationinthethesis

Whenwewriteanacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andtosupportourownevidence.Suchpracticenotonlyfitsourresearchintothelargerpictureofaparticularfieldofresearch,butalsolendsabasisandpersuasivenesstoourarguments.

Generallyspeaking,therearethreelegalwaysofusingoutsidesourcesandinformation:

1.Directquotation

2.Paraphrasing

3.Summarizing

Eachofthesethreewaysisusedextensivelyinacademicresearch.Asamatteroffact,academicresearchrequiresthecombineduseofthesethreemethods.Ifaresearchpaperiswrittenwithoutusinganyoutsideideasorinformation,thatpapermightbeconsideredasdeficientinacademicvalue.

Ⅰ.DirectQuotation:

1.Definition

Adirectquotationisexactlythesameastheoriginalandmustbeputinquotationmarks.Everythingwithinthequotationmarks,thatistosay,notonlythewordsbutalsothespelling,capitalizationandinteriorpunctuation,shouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.

2.Whentousedirectquotations

（1）Whentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandsuccinctlythatwecannotimproveonit;

（2）Whenthedirectquotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandthereforestrengthensourpointofview;

（3）Whenweneedtoborrowaspecialtermorexpressionthatisaparticularwriter’sinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning;

（4）Whenweneedtheoriginalwordingforthepurposeoffurtherdiscussion.

3.Howtousedirectquotation

（1）Whenwedoquote,weshouldmakeeveryefforttoworkthedirectquotationintoourownstatementsothatitmaybecomepartofanorganicwhole.

（2）Useacolonifourdirectquotationisintroducedbyacompletesentence:

Sample1

SinclairLewis,thefirstAmericanNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1930,believedthatDreiserbetterdeservedtheprize:

“Dreiser…morethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”

（3）Treatthedirectquotationaspartofthesentenceandpunctuateaccordinglyifitisnotintroducedbyacompletesentence:

Sample2

ToSinclairLewis,“Dreiser…morethananyotherman,marchingalone,usuallyunappreciated,oftenhated,hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty,boldnessandpassionoflife.”

Exercise

Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.

From“Ihaveadream…”,aspeechbyMartinLutherKing,Jr.

4.Weshouldobservethefollowingruleswhenusingdirectquotation:

（1）.Keepthequotationasbriefaspossible;

（2）.Beaccurate.Whatappearsbetweenquotationmarksshouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.Noword,punctuation,orevenspellingshouldbecharged;

（3）.Alwaysindicatethesourceofthequotation;

（4）.Whenthequotationislessthanthreelines,incorporateitintheflowoftheparagraphwithapairofquotationmarks.Whenthequotationislongerthanthreelines,useaseparateandindentedparagraph,withoutquotationmarks,toindicatethequotation;

Eg:

Theviewthatwritingistypicallyasocially-situatedacthasbeenreinforcedbytheaimsandexperiencesoftherecentWritingAcrosstheCurriculum（WAC）movement（YoungandFulwiler,1986）.AprimaryresearchagendaforWAChasbeenfirmlylaidoutbyFaigleyandHansen:

IfteacherofEnglisharetooffercoursesthattrulypreparestudentstowriteinotherdisciplines,theywillhavetoexplorewhythosedisciplinesstudycertainsubjects,whycertainmethodsofenquiryaresanctioned,howtheconvertionsofadisciplineshapeatextinthatdiscipline,howindividualwritersrepresentthemselvesinthetext,howatextisreadanddisseminated,andhowonetextinfluencessubsequenttexts.（FaigleyandHansen,1985:

149）

（5）.Whenonlypartsofalongsentenceorpassagearequoted,theomittedwordsmaybeindicatedthreedots.However,thepartsthatdoappearasaquotationstillhavetobeaccurate;

（6）.Thevolumeofdirectquotationsinanypieceofacademicwritingshouldbekeptwithin10～20﹪ofthetotalpaperlength.Toomuchquotedmaterialmayspoiltheoriginalityorstyleoftheacademicpaper.

5.Thefollowingexpressionsareoftenusedtoindicatethesourceofadirectquotation.Itisoftenadvisabletoincludewhenandwherethepersonsaidso.

AsXsaid…AsXreported…

AsXstated…AsXwrote…

AsXmentioned…AsXmaintained…

AsXinsisted…AsXdeclared…

Xsaid…Xfurtherstated…

Xlaterinsisted…Xcontinued…

Xfirmlybelieved…

Ⅱ.Paraphrasing

I.Thedefinitionofparaphrasing

Paraphrasingmeanstorestatetheideaofasentenceorpassageinadifferentandusuallysimplerway.

Languageteachersoftenemployparaphrasingtoexplaindifficultsentencestocheckstudents’understanding,andtotrainthemtoexpresscomplicatedideasinmorereadilyunderstandableterms.Moreimportantly,academicwritersemployparaphrasingtoborrowideasandpreviousresearchfindingsinthefieldofstudy.Itisoneofthethreeimportantmethodsofincorporatingoutsidesources.

Comparedwithdirectquotation,paraphrasingismoreflexible.Thisflexibilityexistsinatleastthreedifferentways:

1.Flexibilityinelaboratingtheoriginalideaifnecessaryforbetterandclearerunderstanding;

example1：

原文：

Universityregistrationprocedures-onceanightmareoflists,lines,andpaperstrips-havebeenstreamlinedbyusingcomputers.

译文：

Computershavelessenedthepainsoftheprocessofuniversityregistration:

itinvolvesfewerlists,lesswaiting,andmoreefficiency.

2.Flexibilityinemphasisingdifferentaspectsoftheoriginalmaterialtosuitaparticularpurpose.

example2:

原文：

"Poetry-theheightofalanguage'sexpression-isperhapsthehardestaspectofthelanguageforthesecond-languagelearnertoconquer."

译文：

Themostdifficultpartofalanguageforanon-nativespeakerispoetry,themostprofoundandsubtleformofexpression.

3.Flexibilityinmodifyingthetoneandstyleoftheoriginalsourceforabetterfitintothecontextofthewriting.

Paraphrasingisprobablymoreoftenemployedinacademicpapers

thandirectquotation.Thissectiondiscussesthecorrectwaysofusingparaphrasing.

example3:

原文：

"Afamilyoflion,oftenconsistingofamale,twoorthreelionesses,theiroffspring,andperhapsayearlingortwo,iscalledapride."

译文：

Aprideisalionfamily,themembersofwhichareonemale,twoorthreefemales,theirbabies,andoneortwootheryounglionsaroundone-yearold.

II.Guidelinesforparaphrasing

Twosimplerulesgovernparaphrasing

1.Rule1

Alwaysgivecredittothesourceofideaormaterialbeingparaphrased.Failingtodosoisregardedasdishonesty.

Thefollowingexpressionsandstructuresmaybeusedtointroduceaparaphrase:

1）Inanarticle/astudybyX,...

2）AsXpointsout,...

3）Xstates...

4）AstudybyXindicatesthat...

5）Xhasdrawnattentiontothefactthat...

6）Xclaimsthat...

7）Xfound/discoveredthat...

8）ResearchbyXsuggeststhat...

9）Xarguesthat...

2.Rule2

Alwaysrestatetheideaindifferentvocabularyandsentencestructure.Amerechangeofafewwordswithoutchangingthestructuremayberegardedasplagiarismindisguise.

However,changingthevocabularydoesnotmeanthateverywordintheoriginalsentenceneedschanging.Ordinarywordsandspecialtechnicaltermsdonotrequireachange.Only“characterwords,”thatshowastrongpersonalpreferenceandthereforearelikeawriter’ssignature,needchanging.There“characterwords”aremostlysubstancewords—nouns,verbs,specialadjectives,andunusualadverbs.Theymayalsobetermsorjargonthathavebeengivensomespecialmeaningbytheoriginalwriter.

Onetaskofparaphrasingistoreplacethecharacterwordswithother,perhapsmoreordinarywordsandexpressions.Onewordineachofthefollowinggroupsofwordsismoreunusualandhasthecapabilityofbecomingacharacterword.Pleaseidentifytheword.

1.one,tick,was,and,man

2.beautiful,cumbersome,interesting,important

3.walk,run,amble,move

4.late,delayed,tardy

5.rule,maxim,law

III.Twostepsofparaphrasing

Mainlytwostepsareusedtoachievethispurpose:

1.Identifyingthecharacterwordsandfindingappropriatesubstitutes（synonym）

2.Understandingtheoriginalsentenceandrewritingitinanewframework

exercise：

“Attitudesareselectivelyacquiredandintegratedthroughlearningandexperience”（JohnD.Faust）.

Inthissentence,threewords（selectively,acquired,integrated）arecharacterwordsandshouldbechangedinaparaphrase.Thefollowingaretwopossibleversions.

a）JohnD.Faustexpressestheviewthatthroughlearningandexperience,feelingsandattitudesarecarefullychosenandabsorbed.

b）AsJohnD.Faustpointsout,individualschangetheirattitudesbecauseofthingstheylearnandthethingstheyexperience.

Summarizing

Intermsoffrequencyofusewhencomparingdirectquotation,paraphrasing,andsummarizing,summarizingisprobablythemostcommonwayofthinking,writing,andorganizingideas.

Ifdirectquotationismostlyusedinbothfictionandnon-fiction,andifparaphrasingismostlyusedinbothlanguageteachingandacademicwriting,summarizingisusedinalmosteveryaspectofhumanthinkingandcommunication.Wheneverwerecountastory,anideaoraneventintheformofmainideas,wear