GRE点题写作笔记Word文档格式.docx
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Assumption
万炜非常努力学习
v
他的成绩一定会非常好
每个段落的步骤:
1.Identify(Premises,Conclusion,andAssumptions)ofaparticularstepofreasoning
2.ConstructandEXPLAINcommonsensecounterexamples(肯定前提、否定结论、反对假设)
3.RequestadditionalEvidencetohelpEvaluate(Strengthen/Weaken)thereasoning
首先,作者指出万炜学习非常努力,于是基于此,他就指出万炜肯定成绩非常好,很显然,作者假设了努力学习的人成绩一定好。
然而,万炜可能很脑残,意味着无论他再怎么努力,他都无法考好。
抑或是他考场上特别紧张,即便平时很努力,实力也很强,在考场上都不能充分的表现。
于是,要想让读者更全面的评估作者的论证,他理应提供额外的信息。
比如,我们需要知道万炜是否智商正常,以及他的考场习惯是否良好。
缺乏这样的信息,作者的逻辑是无法说服人的。
文章结构:
开头:
1.复述原文结论
Inthis…,theXXXargues/concludes/assertsthat…
2.扼要陈述原文主要事实证据
Herconclusionismainlybasedonthefollowingevidence.First,…Second,…Third,…Fourth,…Fifth,…
3.提出本文观点+点出题目要求
(1)assumption:
However,underlyingherreasoningareseveralunwarrantedassumptionsthatseriouslyunderminethecogencyofherargument./Unfortunately,theargumentisfilledwithassumptionsandloopholesthatrenderitunpersuasive.
(2)question:
However,beforeshecanlegitimatelymakeherassertion,sheneedstofirstaddressseveralcrucialquestions.
/Unfortunately,withoutaddressingseveralimportantquestions,herconclusioncanremain,atbest,unpersuasive.
(3)evidence:
However,sheneedstoofferadditionalinformationtocorroborateherargument,orelsetheconclusioncanonlyremainproblematic.
/Unfortunately,unlesssheprovidesadditionalevidencetostrengthenherargument,herreasoningcannotfullyconvincethereaders.
(4)alternativepossibilities:
However,withoutrulingoutseveralalternativepossibilities,herconclusioncanonlyremainunconvincing.
/Unfortunately,shefailstotakeintoconsiderationseveralalternativepossibilitiesthatmayequallyaccountforthephenomenapresentedinthepassage.
正文:
任何一个正文段落步骤:
Theauthormentionsthat(premise),inferringthat(conclusion).
/Theauthormentionsthat(premise),implyingthat(conclusion).
/Evenif(premise)istrue,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat(conclusion).Clearly,behindthereasoningistheunwarrantedassumptionthat…
提醒:
possible,maybe,perhaps,likely,probable
Therefore,theauthorneedstoprovideadditionalevidencetoaddressthefollowingquestions.First,…?
Second,…?
…Onlyiftheanswerstoallabovequestionsarepositive/negativecanherreasoningbecomemoreconvincing.
第一段:
第二段:
第三段:
结尾:
复述开头结论
132.
1.Inthisletter,theauthorclaimsthatamandatoryprogramsponsoredbytheCentervilleHighSchool(CHS)istheonlywaytosolvetheschool’steenagerdrivingissue.
2.HerclaimismainlybasedonthefactthatseveralaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriverstookplaceinCentervilleinthepasttwoyears.
3.Unfortunately,severalunwarrantedassumptionsbehindthereasoningseriouslyunderminetheargument’soverallsoundness.
几起青年驾车事故→有必要解决C校学生驾车安全问题
1.Tobeginwith,themereobservationofseveralsuchincidentsdonotsufficientlyprovethatthereisaneedtosolveteenagedrivinginCHS.ThestepofreasoningisweakenedbytheproblematicassumptionsthatthestudentsinvolvedintheseaccidentswereindeedCHSstudentsandthattheywereresponsiblefortheaccidents.
2.However,perhapstheteenagerswereout-ofofschoolyoungsterswhohavenosenseofresponsibility.EveniftheywereindeedfromCHS,perhapstheywerethevictimsratherthanthevillainsintheevents.Eitherway,theschoolmaynoturgentlyneedtosolvesuchanon-existentissueinthefirstplace.
3.Therefore,theauthorneedstoprovideadditionalbackgroundinformationtocorroborateherargument,sincereaderswillhavetoknowwhethertheteenagersinvolvedinthesereportedaccidentswereindeedCHSstudentsandwhethertheywereliable.
父母太忙→父母不能解决
1.Buildingupontheearlierconclusionthattheschooldoeshaveaseriousproblemtoaddress,theauthorgoesontoruleoutseveralalternativeapproaches.Oneoftheapproachesexcludedistorelyonparents,because,accordingtotheauthor,theycanbetoobusy.Apparently,theauthoriscommittedtotheassumptionthatanythingaboutthestudentsthattheirparentsaretoobusytodealwithhavetobetakencareofbytheschool.
2.However,theschool’smainresponsibilityistoimprovestudents’academicandphysicalperformance.Parentscanbebusy,forsure;
however,iftheydonothavetimetoteachtheirchildrentodrive,theycanequallybetoobusytotakethemtothehospital,takethemtothepark,orhelpthempickoutthenewiPhone.Anyonewiththebasiccommonsensewouldbeabletoseethattheseissuesarewaybeyondtheschool’sobligation.Soisteachingdriving.
3.Therefore,giventhelackofpersuasivenessofthisaforementionedassumption,theauthorhastolookforsounderreasonstosupportherconclusion.
穷人家长没钱→驾校不能解决
1.Anotheralternativeruledoutbytheauthorisdrivingschools,basedonthepremisethatparentsonatightbudgetmightnotbeabletoaffordthetuition.Onceagain,thestepismarredbythequestionableassumptionsthatpoorfamilywouldbuycarsfortheirchildrenandthattheschoolisresponsibleforthingsthatpoorfamilycannotafford.
2.However,perhapstheonlyfamiliesthatwouldgivetheirchildrenacartodrivearefinanciallystableones.Iftheycouldofferacar,theymightjustaswellofferdrivingschooltuition.Eveniftheremightbeseveralfamiliesunabletodoso,itisonceagainbeyondtheschool’sresponsibilitytotakeupthejob,fortheschoolisnotacharityinstitution.
3.Therefore,inordertostrengthenherreasoning,theauthorshouldseriouslylookintothefinancialbackgroundofthestudentsthatowncars,orelseherconclusioncannotpersuadethereaders.
Overall,thewholeargumentisfilledwithloopholesandassumptionsthatcompletelyruinitslogicalsoundness.Theauthorhadbetterlookforstrongerreasonsandbetterevidence,orelsehersuggestioncanremain,atbest,empty.
Assumption,Counterexample,AdditionalEvidence找法
GeneralAssumption找法:
把论证前提和结论当中的不同概念联系在一起(适合单前提的论证)
1.架桥法
万炜长得很丑
v假设:
长得丑的就会出轨
万炜一定会出轨
万炜是XDF老师
v假设:
XDF老师没有节操
万炜一定没有节操
万炜是学哲学的
学哲学的不学无术
万炜一定不学无术
2.反例取非法:
先找反例,把反例取非(当架桥的假设听起来太繁琐)
河宽而深
v假设:
冬天不会结冰
只能坐船过
某些父母没钱供孩子上驾校
没钱的父母会给孩子买车
学校需要提供驾驶课给学生
一、证词类
某人/机构/研究说XXX
v
XXX
假设:
某人/机构/研究是reliable
1.调查、研究、实验显示XXX
Survey,Study,Research,Experiment,Report,Trial
反例:
a.smallsample
b.biasedsample(~random)
c.biasedquestion
d.responserate(80%oftherespondents)
2.某人说XXX
有动机撒谎/不知情
二、数据类
假设:
反例取非
反例:
原文给绝对量,我们找相对量
自从某学校使用了X政策后,作弊人数从32/年=>
14/年
(32=>
14)
作弊减少
总人数减少,考试次数减少
我厂比P厂每年工伤事故多30%,且我厂员工每班时间比P厂1小时,所以显然,要提高我们的安全记录,我们也要让我厂每班时间减少到P厂的时间。
我厂工伤事故比P厂多30%
v
我厂事故比P厂多
我厂规模大很多
三、因果类
X政策执行后,作弊少了。
v
X政策执行→作弊↓
我城建了高尔夫球场,之后经济发展了
v
我城建了高尔夫球场→经济发展
没有它因
列举它因
四、类比类
去年我用X政策后来NB了
你明年也用X政策也会NB
Assumption:
类比对象的相似性
类比对象核心属性的差别
Issue保分策略:
1.分情况讨论
2.考虑支持者+反对者的视角
3.每一个观点必须展开(举例、常见社会现象、假想举例、说理)
题型:
(例子–细节和观点对应)
4.题干的每一句话都必须讨论
Allparentsshouldberequiredtovolunteertimetotheirchildren'
sschools.
1.解决人手不足
2.培养孩子的社会意识(比说教要好)
3.家长没时间(不可能,奥巴马都偶尔能抽出时间)