GRE点题写作笔记Word文档格式.docx

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GRE点题写作笔记Word文档格式.docx

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GRE点题写作笔记Word文档格式.docx

Assumption

万炜非常努力学习

v

他的成绩一定会非常好

每个段落的步骤:

1.Identify(Premises,Conclusion,andAssumptions)ofaparticularstepofreasoning

2.ConstructandEXPLAINcommonsensecounterexamples(肯定前提、否定结论、反对假设)

3.RequestadditionalEvidencetohelpEvaluate(Strengthen/Weaken)thereasoning

首先,作者指出万炜学习非常努力,于是基于此,他就指出万炜肯定成绩非常好,很显然,作者假设了努力学习的人成绩一定好。

然而,万炜可能很脑残,意味着无论他再怎么努力,他都无法考好。

抑或是他考场上特别紧张,即便平时很努力,实力也很强,在考场上都不能充分的表现。

于是,要想让读者更全面的评估作者的论证,他理应提供额外的信息。

比如,我们需要知道万炜是否智商正常,以及他的考场习惯是否良好。

缺乏这样的信息,作者的逻辑是无法说服人的。

文章结构:

开头:

1.复述原文结论

Inthis…,theXXXargues/concludes/assertsthat…

2.扼要陈述原文主要事实证据

Herconclusionismainlybasedonthefollowingevidence.First,…Second,…Third,…Fourth,…Fifth,…

3.提出本文观点+点出题目要求

(1)assumption:

However,underlyingherreasoningareseveralunwarrantedassumptionsthatseriouslyunderminethecogencyofherargument./Unfortunately,theargumentisfilledwithassumptionsandloopholesthatrenderitunpersuasive.

(2)question:

However,beforeshecanlegitimatelymakeherassertion,sheneedstofirstaddressseveralcrucialquestions.

/Unfortunately,withoutaddressingseveralimportantquestions,herconclusioncanremain,atbest,unpersuasive.

(3)evidence:

However,sheneedstoofferadditionalinformationtocorroborateherargument,orelsetheconclusioncanonlyremainproblematic.

/Unfortunately,unlesssheprovidesadditionalevidencetostrengthenherargument,herreasoningcannotfullyconvincethereaders.

(4)alternativepossibilities:

However,withoutrulingoutseveralalternativepossibilities,herconclusioncanonlyremainunconvincing.

/Unfortunately,shefailstotakeintoconsiderationseveralalternativepossibilitiesthatmayequallyaccountforthephenomenapresentedinthepassage.

正文:

任何一个正文段落步骤:

Theauthormentionsthat(premise),inferringthat(conclusion).

/Theauthormentionsthat(premise),implyingthat(conclusion).

/Evenif(premise)istrue,itdoesnotnecessarilymeanthat(conclusion).Clearly,behindthereasoningistheunwarrantedassumptionthat…

提醒:

possible,maybe,perhaps,likely,probable

Therefore,theauthorneedstoprovideadditionalevidencetoaddressthefollowingquestions.First,…?

Second,…?

…Onlyiftheanswerstoallabovequestionsarepositive/negativecanherreasoningbecomemoreconvincing.

第一段:

第二段:

第三段:

结尾:

复述开头结论

132.

1.Inthisletter,theauthorclaimsthatamandatoryprogramsponsoredbytheCentervilleHighSchool(CHS)istheonlywaytosolvetheschool’steenagerdrivingissue.

2.HerclaimismainlybasedonthefactthatseveralaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriverstookplaceinCentervilleinthepasttwoyears.

3.Unfortunately,severalunwarrantedassumptionsbehindthereasoningseriouslyunderminetheargument’soverallsoundness.

几起青年驾车事故→有必要解决C校学生驾车安全问题

1.Tobeginwith,themereobservationofseveralsuchincidentsdonotsufficientlyprovethatthereisaneedtosolveteenagedrivinginCHS.ThestepofreasoningisweakenedbytheproblematicassumptionsthatthestudentsinvolvedintheseaccidentswereindeedCHSstudentsandthattheywereresponsiblefortheaccidents.

2.However,perhapstheteenagerswereout-ofofschoolyoungsterswhohavenosenseofresponsibility.EveniftheywereindeedfromCHS,perhapstheywerethevictimsratherthanthevillainsintheevents.Eitherway,theschoolmaynoturgentlyneedtosolvesuchanon-existentissueinthefirstplace.

3.Therefore,theauthorneedstoprovideadditionalbackgroundinformationtocorroborateherargument,sincereaderswillhavetoknowwhethertheteenagersinvolvedinthesereportedaccidentswereindeedCHSstudentsandwhethertheywereliable.

父母太忙→父母不能解决

1.Buildingupontheearlierconclusionthattheschooldoeshaveaseriousproblemtoaddress,theauthorgoesontoruleoutseveralalternativeapproaches.Oneoftheapproachesexcludedistorelyonparents,because,accordingtotheauthor,theycanbetoobusy.Apparently,theauthoriscommittedtotheassumptionthatanythingaboutthestudentsthattheirparentsaretoobusytodealwithhavetobetakencareofbytheschool.

2.However,theschool’smainresponsibilityistoimprovestudents’academicandphysicalperformance.Parentscanbebusy,forsure;

however,iftheydonothavetimetoteachtheirchildrentodrive,theycanequallybetoobusytotakethemtothehospital,takethemtothepark,orhelpthempickoutthenewiPhone.Anyonewiththebasiccommonsensewouldbeabletoseethattheseissuesarewaybeyondtheschool’sobligation.Soisteachingdriving.

3.Therefore,giventhelackofpersuasivenessofthisaforementionedassumption,theauthorhastolookforsounderreasonstosupportherconclusion.

穷人家长没钱→驾校不能解决

1.Anotheralternativeruledoutbytheauthorisdrivingschools,basedonthepremisethatparentsonatightbudgetmightnotbeabletoaffordthetuition.Onceagain,thestepismarredbythequestionableassumptionsthatpoorfamilywouldbuycarsfortheirchildrenandthattheschoolisresponsibleforthingsthatpoorfamilycannotafford.

2.However,perhapstheonlyfamiliesthatwouldgivetheirchildrenacartodrivearefinanciallystableones.Iftheycouldofferacar,theymightjustaswellofferdrivingschooltuition.Eveniftheremightbeseveralfamiliesunabletodoso,itisonceagainbeyondtheschool’sresponsibilitytotakeupthejob,fortheschoolisnotacharityinstitution.

3.Therefore,inordertostrengthenherreasoning,theauthorshouldseriouslylookintothefinancialbackgroundofthestudentsthatowncars,orelseherconclusioncannotpersuadethereaders.

Overall,thewholeargumentisfilledwithloopholesandassumptionsthatcompletelyruinitslogicalsoundness.Theauthorhadbetterlookforstrongerreasonsandbetterevidence,orelsehersuggestioncanremain,atbest,empty.

Assumption,Counterexample,AdditionalEvidence找法

GeneralAssumption找法:

把论证前提和结论当中的不同概念联系在一起(适合单前提的论证)

1.架桥法

万炜长得很丑

v假设:

长得丑的就会出轨

万炜一定会出轨

万炜是XDF老师

v假设:

XDF老师没有节操

万炜一定没有节操

万炜是学哲学的

学哲学的不学无术

万炜一定不学无术

2.反例取非法:

先找反例,把反例取非(当架桥的假设听起来太繁琐)

河宽而深

v假设:

冬天不会结冰

只能坐船过

某些父母没钱供孩子上驾校

没钱的父母会给孩子买车

学校需要提供驾驶课给学生

一、证词类

某人/机构/研究说XXX

v

XXX

假设:

某人/机构/研究是reliable

1.调查、研究、实验显示XXX

Survey,Study,Research,Experiment,Report,Trial

反例:

a.smallsample

b.biasedsample(~random)

c.biasedquestion

d.responserate(80%oftherespondents)

2.某人说XXX

有动机撒谎/不知情

二、数据类

假设:

反例取非

反例:

原文给绝对量,我们找相对量

自从某学校使用了X政策后,作弊人数从32/年=>

14/年

(32=>

14)

作弊减少

总人数减少,考试次数减少

我厂比P厂每年工伤事故多30%,且我厂员工每班时间比P厂1小时,所以显然,要提高我们的安全记录,我们也要让我厂每班时间减少到P厂的时间。

我厂工伤事故比P厂多30%

v

我厂事故比P厂多

我厂规模大很多

三、因果类

X政策执行后,作弊少了。

v

X政策执行→作弊↓

我城建了高尔夫球场,之后经济发展了

v

我城建了高尔夫球场→经济发展

没有它因

列举它因

四、类比类

去年我用X政策后来NB了

你明年也用X政策也会NB

Assumption:

类比对象的相似性

类比对象核心属性的差别

 

Issue保分策略:

1.分情况讨论

2.考虑支持者+反对者的视角

3.每一个观点必须展开(举例、常见社会现象、假想举例、说理)

题型:

(例子–细节和观点对应)

4.题干的每一句话都必须讨论

Allparentsshouldberequiredtovolunteertimetotheirchildren'

sschools.

1.解决人手不足

2.培养孩子的社会意识(比说教要好)

3.家长没时间(不可能,奥巴马都偶尔能抽出时间)

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