克鲁格曼《国际经济学：理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》.docx

克鲁格曼《国际经济学：理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》.docx

《克鲁格曼《国际经济学：理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《克鲁格曼《国际经济学：理论与政策》英文版·第九版 课后习题答案《Solution manual for International Economics Theory-and Policy》.docx（189页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Chapter2 WorldTrade:

AnOverview  7

Contents

Chapter1 Introduction 1

OverviewofSectionI:

InternationalTradeTheory 3

Chapter2 WorldTrade:

AnOverview 5

Chapter3 LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:

TheRicardianModel 8

Chapter4 Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistribution 12

Chapter5 TheStandardTradeModel 16

Chapter6 EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade 21

Chapter7 InternationalFactorMovements 26

OverviewofSectionII:

InternationalTradePolicy 30

Chapter8 TheInstrumentsofTradePolicy 32

Chapter9 ThePoliticalEconomyofTradePolicy 37

Chapter10 TradePolicyinDevelopingCountries 42

Chapter11 ControversiesinTradePolicy 45

Overview ofSectionIII:

ExchangeRatesandOpen-EconomyMacroeconomics 49

Chapter12 NationalIncomeAccountingandtheBalanceofPayments 51

Chapter13 ExchangeRatesandtheForeign-ExchangeMarket:

AnAssetApproach 57

Chapter14 Money,InterestRates,andExchangeRates 64

Chapter15 PriceLevelsandtheExchangeRateintheLongRun 70

Chapter16 OutputandtheExchangeRateintheShortRun 76

Chapter17 FixedExchangeRatesandForeign-ExchangeIntervention 84

OverviewofSectionIV:

InternationalMacroeconomicPolicy 92

Chapter18 TheInternationalMonetarySystem,1870–1973 94

Chapter19 MacroeconomicPolicyandCoordinationUnderFloatingExchangeRates 99

Chapter20 OptimumCurrencyAreasandtheEuropeanExperience 107

Chapter21 TheGlobalCapitalMarket:

PerformanceandPolicyProblems 112

Chapter22 DevelopingCountries:

Growth,Crisis,andReform 117

Chapter1

Introduction

n ChapterOrganization

WhatisInternationalEconomicsAbout?

  TheGainsfromTrade

  ThePatternofTrade

  HowMuchTrade

  BalanceofPayments

  Exchange-RateDetermination

  InternationalPolicyCoordination

  TheInternationalCapitalMarketInternationalEconomics:

TradeandMoney

n ChapterOverview

Theintentofthischapteristoprovidebothanoverviewofthesubjectmatterofinternationaleconomicsandtoprovideaguidetotheorganizationofthetext.Itisrelativelyeasyforaninstructortomotivatethestudyofinternationaltradeandfinance.Thefrontpagesofnewspapers,thecoversofmagazines,and

theleadreportsontelevisionnewsbroadcastsheraldtheinterdependenceoftheU.S.economywiththerestoftheworld.Thisinterdependencemayalsoberecognizedbystudentsthroughtheirpurchasesofimportsofallsortsofgoods,theirpersonalobservationsoftheeffectsofdislocationsduetointernationalcompetition,andtheirexperiencethroughtravelabroad.

Thestudyofthetheoryofinternationaleconomicsgeneratesanunderstandingofmanykeyeventsthatshapeourdomesticandinternationalenvironment.Inrecenthistory,theseeventsincludethecausesandconsequencesofthelargecurrentaccountdeficitsoftheUnitedStates;thedramaticappreciationofthedollarduringthefirsthalfofthe1980sfollowedbyitsrapiddepreciationinthesecondhalfofthe1980s;theLatinAmericandebtcrisisofthe1980sandtheMexicancrisisinlate1994;andtheincreasedpressuresforindustryprotectionagainstforeigncompetitionbroadlyvoicedinthelate1980sandmorevocallyespousedinthefirsthalfofthe1990s.Morerecently,thefinancialcrisisthatbeganinEastAsiain1997andspreadtomanycountriesaroundtheglobeandtheEconomicandMonetaryUnioninEuropehavehighlightedthewayinwhichvariousnationaleconomiesarelinkedandhowimportantitisforustounderstandtheseconnections.Atthesametime,protestsatglobaleconomicmeetingshavehighlightedoppositiontoglobalization.Thetextmaterialwillenablestudents

tounderstandtheeconomiccontextinwhichsucheventsoccur.

Chapter1ofthetextpresentsdatademonstratingthegrowthintradeandincreasingimportanceofinternationaleconomics.Thischapteralsohighlightsandbrieflydiscussesseventhemeswhicharisethroughoutthebook.Thesethemesinclude:

（1）thegainsfromtrade;

（2）thepatternoftrade;

（3）protectionism;（4）thebalanceofpayments;（5）exchangeratedetermination;（6）internationalpolicycoordination;and（7）theinternationalcapitalmarket.Studentswillrecognizethatmanyofthecentralpolicydebatesoccurringtodaycomeundertherubricofoneofthesethemes.Indeed,itisoftenafruitfulheuristictousecurrenteventstoillustratetheforceofthekeythemesandargumentswhicharepresentedthroughoutthetext.

OverviewofSectionI:

InternationalTradeTheory

SectionIofthetextiscomprisedofsixchapters:

Chapter2  WorldTrade:

AnOverview

Chapter3  LaborProductivityandComparativeAdvantage:

TheRicardianModelChapter4  Resources,ComparativeAdvantage,andIncomeDistributionChapter5  TheStandardTradeModel

Chapter6  EconomiesofScale,ImperfectCompetition,andInternationalTrade

Chapter7  InternationalFactorMovements

n SectionIOverview

SectionIofthetextpresentsthetheoryofinternationaltrade.Theintentofthissectionistoexplore

themotivesforandimplicationsofpatternsoftradebetweencountries.Thepresentationproceedsbyintroducingsuccessivelymoregeneralmodelsoftrade,wherethegeneralityisprovidedbyincreasingthenumberoffactorsusedinproduction,byincreasingthemobilityoffactorsofproductionacrosssectors

oftheeconomy,byintroducingmoregeneraltechnologiesappliedtoproduction,andbyexaminingdifferenttypesofmarketstructure.ThroughoutSectionI,policyconcernsandcurrentissuesareused

toemphasizetherelevanceofthetheoryofinternationaltradeforinterpretingandunderstandingoureconomy.

Chapter2givesabriefoverviewofworldtrade.Inparticular,itdiscusseswhatweknowaboutthequantitiesandpatternofworldtradetoday.Thechapterusestheempiricalrelationshipknownas

thegravitymodelasaframeworktodescribetrade.Thisframeworkdescribestradeasafunctionofthesizeoftheeconomiesinvolvedandtheirdistance.Itcanthenbeusedtoseewherecountriesaretradingmoreorlessthanexpected.Thechapteralsonotesthegrowthinworldtradeoverthepreviousdecades

andusesthepreviouseraofglobalization（pre-WWI）ascontextfortoday’sexperience.

Chapter3introducesyoutointernationaltradetheorythroughaframeworkknownastheRicardianmodeloftrade.Thismodeladdressestheissueofwhytwocountrieswouldwanttotradewitheachother.Thismodelshowshowmutually-beneficialtradeariseswhentherearetwocountries,eachwithonefactorofproductionwhichcanbeappliedtowardproducingeachoftwogoods.Keyconceptsareintroduced,suchastheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,comparativeadvantageversusabsoluteadvantage,gainsfromtrade,relativeprices,and

relativewagesacrosscountries.

Chapter4introduceswhatisknownastheclassicHeckscher-Ohlinmodelofinternationaltrade.Usingthisframework,youcanworkthroughtheeffectsoftradeonwages,pricesandoutput.Manyimportantandintuitiveresultsarederivedinthischapterincluding:

theRybczynskiTheorem,theStolper-SamuelsonTheorem,andtheFactorPriceEqualizationTheorem.ImplicationsoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelforthepatternoftradeamongcountriesarediscussed,asarethefailuresofempiricalevidencetoconfirm

thepredictionsofthetheory.Thechapteralsointroducesquestionsofpoliticaleconomyintrade.Oneimportantreasonforthisadditiontothemodelistoconsidertheeffectsoftradeonincomedistribution.

Thisapproachshowsthatwhilenationsgenerallygainfrominternationaltrade,itisquitepossiblethatspecificgroupswithinthesenationscouldbeharmedbythistrade.Thisdiscussion,andrelatedquestionsaboutprotectionismversusglobalization,becomesbroaderandevenmoreinterestingasyouworkthroughthemodelsanddifferentassumptionsofsubsequentchapters.

Chapter5presentsageneralmodelofinternationaltradewhichadmitsthemodelsofthepreviouschaptersasspecialcases.This“standardtrademodel”isdepictedgraphicallybyageneralequilibriumtrademodelasappliedtoasmallopeneconomy.Relativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesareusedtoanalyzeavarietyofpolicyissues,suchastheeffectsofeconomicgrowth,thetransferproblem,andtheeffectsoftradetariffsandproductionsubsidies.Theappendixtothechapterdevelopsoffercurveanalysis.

Whileanextremelyusefultool,thestandardmodeloftradefailstoaccountforsomeimportantaspects

ofinternationaltrade.Specifically,whilethefactorproportionsHeckscher-Ohlintheoriesexplainsometradeflowsbetweencountries,recentresearchininternationaleconomicshasplacedanincreasingemphasisoneconomiesofscaleinproductionandimperfectcompetitionamongfirms.

Chapter6presentsmodelsofinternationaltradethatreflectthesedevelopments.Thechapterbeginsbyreviewingtheconceptofmonopolisticcompetitionamongfirms,andthenshowingthegainsfromtradewhichariseinsuchimperfectlycompetitivemarkets.Next,internalandexternaleconomiesofscaleinproductionandcomparativeadvantagearediscussed.Thechaptercontinueswithadiscussionoftheimportanceofintra-industrytrade,dumping,andexternaleconomiesofproduction.Thesubjectmatter

ofthischapterisimportantsinceitshowshowgainsfromtradeariseinwaysthatarenotsuggestedby

thestandard,moretraditionalmodelsofinternationaltrade.Thesubjectmatteralsoisenlighteninggiventheincreasedemphasisonintra-industrytradeinindustrializedcountries.

Chapter7focusesoninternationalfactormobility.Thisdepartsfrompreviouschapterswhichassumedthatthefact