人工智能英文文献原文及译文.docx

人工智能英文文献原文及译文.docx

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人工智能英文文献原文及译文

附件四英文文献原文

ArtificialIntelligence

"Artificialintelligence"isawordwasoriginallyDartmouthin1956toputforward.Fromthenon,researchershavedevelopedmanytheoriesandprinciples,theconceptofartificialintelligenceisalsoexpands.Artificialintelligenceisachallengingjobofscience,thepersonmustknowcomputerknowledge,psychologyandphilosophy.Artificialintelligenceisincludedawiderangeofscience,itiscomposedofdifferentfields,suchasmachinelearning,computervision,etc,onthewhole,theresearchonartificialintelligenceisoneofthemaingoalsofthemachinecandosomeusuallyneedtoperformcomplexhumanintelligence.Butindifferenttimesanddifferentpeopleinthe"complex"understandingisdifferent.Suchasheavyscienceandengineeringcalculationwassupposedtobethebraintoundertake,nowcomputercannotonlycompletethiscalculation,andfasterthanthehumanbraincanmoreaccurately,andthusthepeoplenolongerputthiscalculationisregardedas"theneedtoperformcomplexhumanintelligence,complextasks"workisdefinedasthedevelopmentofTheTimesandtheprogressoftechnology,artificialintelligenceisthescienceofspecifictargetandnatureasTheTimeschangeanddevelopment.Ontheonehanditcontinuestogainnewprogressontheonehand,andturningtomoremeaningful,themoredifficultthetarget.Currentcanbeusedtostudythemainmaterialofartificialintelligenceandartificialintelligencetechnologytorealizethemachineisacomputer,thedevelopmenthistoryofartificialintelligenceiscomputerscienceandtechnologyandthedevelopmenttogether.Besidesthecomputerscienceandartificialintelligencealsoinvolvesinformation,cybernetics,automation,bionics,biology,psychology,logic,linguistics,medicineandphilosophyandmulti-discipline.Artificialintelligenceresearchinclude:

knowledgerepresentation,automaticreasoningandsearchmethod,machinelearningandknowledgeacquisitionandprocessingofknowledgesystem,naturallanguageprocessing,computervision,intelligentrobot,automaticprogramdesign,etc.

Practicalapplicationofmachinevision:

fingerprintidentification,facerecognition,retinaidentification,irisidentification,palm,expertsystem,intelligentidentification,search,theoremprovinggame,automaticprogramming,andaerospaceapplications.

Artificialintelligenceisasubjectcategories,belongtothedooredgedisciplineofnaturalscienceandsocialscience.

Involvingscientificphilosophyandcognitivescience,mathematics,neurophysiological,psychology,computerscience,informationtheory,cybernetics,notqualitativetheory,bionics.

Theresearchcategoryofnaturallanguageprocessing,knowledgerepresentation,intelligentsearch,reasoning,planning,machinelearning,knowledgeacquisition,combinedschedulingproblem,perception,patternrecognition,logicdesignprogram,softcalculation,inaccurateanduncertainty,themanagementofartificiallife,neuralnetwork,andcomplexsystem,humanthinkingmodeofgeneticalgorithm.

Applicationsofintelligentcontrol,robotics,languageandimageunderstanding,geneticprogrammingrobotfactory.

Safetyproblems

Artificialintelligenceiscurrentlyinthestudy,butsomescholarsthinkthatlettingcomputershaveIQisverydangerous,itmaybeagainsthumanity.Thehiddendangerinmanymoviehappened.

Thedefinitionofartificialintelligence

Definitionofartificialintelligencecanbedividedintotwoparts,namely"artificial"or"intelligent"."Artificial"betterunderstanding,alsoiscontroversial.Sometimeswewillconsiderwhatpeoplecanmake,orpeoplehavehighdegreeofintelligencetocreateartificialintelligence,etc.Butgenerallyspeaking,"artificialsystem"isusuallysignificanceofartificialsystem.

Whatisthe"smart",withmanyproblems.Thisinvolvesothersuchasconsciousness,ego,thinking（includingtheunconsciousthoughtsetc.Peopleonlyknowofintelligenceisoneintelligent,thisistheuniversalviewofourown.Butweareverylimitedunderstandingoftheintelligenceoftheintelligentpeopleconstituteelementsarenecessarytofind,soitisdifficulttodefinewhatis"artificial"manufacturing"intelligent".Sotheartificialintelligenceresearchofteninvolvedinthestudyofintelligentitself.Otheraboutanimalorotherartificialintelligencesystemiswidelyconsideredtoberelatedtothestudyofartificialintelligence.

Artificialintelligenceiscurrentlyinthecomputerfield,themoreextensiveattention.Andintherobot,economicandpoliticaldecisions,controlsystem,simulationsystemapplication.Inotherareas,italsoplayedanindispensablerole.

ThefamousAmericanStanforduniversityprofessornelsonartificialintelligenceresearchcenterofartificialintelligenceundersuchadefinition:

"artificialintelligenceabouttheknowledgeofthesubjectisandhowtorepresentknowledge--howtogainknowledgeanduseofscientificknowledge.ButanotherAmericanMITprofessorWinstonthought:

"artificialintelligenceishowtomakethecomputertodowhatonlycandointelligentwork."Thesecommentsreflecttheartificialintelligencedisciplinebasicideasandbasiccontent.Namelyartificialintelligenceisthestudyofhumanintelligenceactivities,hascertainlaw,researchofartificialintelligencesystem,howtomakethecomputertocompletebeforetheintelligenceneedstodowork,alsoistostudyhowtheapplicationofcomputerhardwareandsoftwaretosimulatehumansomeintelligentbehaviorofthebasictheory,methodsandtechniques.

Artificialintelligenceisabranchofcomputerscience,sincethe1970s,knownasoneofthethreetechnologies（spacetechnology,energytechnology,artificialintelligence）.Alsoconsideredthe21stcentury（geneticengineering,nanoscience,artificialintelligence）isoneofthethreetechnologies.Itisnearlythreeyearsithasbeendevelopedrapidly,andinmanyfieldsarewidelyapplied,andhavemadegreatachievements,artificialintelligencehasgraduallybecomeanindependentbranch,bothintheoryandpracticearealreadybecomesasystem.Itsresearchresultsaregraduallyintegratedintopeople'slives,andcreatemorehappinessformankind.

Artificialintelligenceisthatthecomputersimulationresearchofsomethinkingprocessandintelligentbehavior（suchasstudy,reasoning,thinking,planning,etc.）,includingcomputertorealizeintelligentprinciple,makesimilartothatofhumanintelligence,computercanachievehigherlevelofcomputerapplication.Artificialintelligencewillinvolvethecomputerscience,philosophyandlinguistics,psychology,etc.Thatwasalmostnaturalscienceandsocialsciencedisciplines,thescopeofallalreadyfarbeyondthescopeofcomputerscienceandartificialintelligenceandthinkingscienceistherelationshipbetweentheoryandpractice,artificialintelligenceisinthemodeofthinkingsciencetechnologyapplicationlevel,isoneofitsapplication.Fromtheviewofthinking,artificialintelligenceisnotlimitedtologicalthinking,wanttoconsiderthethinkinginimage,theinspirationofthoughtofartificialintelligencecanpromotethedevelopmentofthebreakthrough,mathematicsareoftenthoughtofasavarietyofbasicscience,mathematicsandlanguage,thoughtintofields,artificialintelligencesubjectalsomustnotusemathematicaltool,mathematicallogic,thefuzzymathematicsinstandardetc,mathematicsintothescopeofartificialintelligencediscipline,theywillpromoteeachotheranddevelopfaster.

Abriefhistoryofartificialintelligence

ArtificialintelligencecanbetracedbacktoancientEgypt'slegend,butwith1941,sincethedevelopmentofcomputertechnologyhasfinallycancreatemachineintelligence,"artificialintelligence"isawordin1956wasfirstproposed,Dartmouthlearnedsincethen,researchershavedevelopedmanytheoriesandprinciples,theconceptofartificialintelligence,itexpandsandnotinthelonghistoryofthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence,theslowerthanexpected,buthasbeeninadvance,from40yearsago,nowappearstohavemanyAIprograms,andtheyalsoaffectedthedevelopmentofothertechnologies.TheemergenceofAIprograms,creatingimmeasurablewealthforthecommunity,promotingthedevelopmentofhumancivilization.

Thecomputerera

1941aninventionthatinformationstorageandhandlingallaspectsoftherevolutionhappened.ThisalsoappearedintheU.S.andGermany'sinventionisthefirstelectroniccomputer.Takeafewbigpackofairconditioningroom,theprogrammer'snightmare:

justrunaprogramforthousandsoflinestosetthe1949.Afterimprovementcanbestoredprocedurecomputerprogramsthatmakeiteasiertoinput,andthedevelopmentofthetheoryofcomputerscience,andultimatelycomputerai.Thisinelectroniccomputerprocessingmethodsofdata,fortheinventionofartificialintelligencecouldprovideakindofmedia.

ThebeginningofAI

AlthoughthecomputerAIprovidesnecessaryfortechnicalbasis,butuntiltheearly1950s,peoplenoticedbetweenmachineandhumanintelligence.NorbertWieneristhestudyofthetheoryofAmericanfeedback.Mostfamiliarfeedbackcontrolexampleisthethermostat.Itwillbecollectedroomtemperatureandhope,andreactiontemperaturecomparedtoopenorclosesmallheater,thuscontrollingenvironmentaltemperature.TheimportanceofthestudyliesinthefeedbackloopWiener:

alltheoreticallytheintelligenceactivitiesarearesultoffeedbackmechanismandfeedbackmechanismis.Canusemachine.ThefindingsofthesimulationofearlydevelopmentofAI.

1955,SimonandendNewellcalled"alogicalexperts"program.Thisprogramisconsideredbymany