大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译中英对照.docx
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大学英语精读第6册课文全文翻译中英对照
大学英语精读第6册全文课文翻译
第六册
RESEARCHREPORTSFORBUSINESSAND
THECNICALWRITING
Asurprisingamount
ofone'stimeas
astudentand
professional
is
spent
reporting
the
results
of
one's
researchprojectsforpresentationtoteachers,managers,
andclients.Indeed,withoutbasicresearchskillsandthe
abilitytopresentresearchresultsclearlyandcompletely,
anindividualwillencountermanyobstaclesinschooland
onthejob.Theneedforsomeresearch-writingabilityis
felt
nearly
equally
by
college
students
in
all
fields,
engineering
and
science
aswell
as
business
andthe
humanities.Graduatestudyoftenmakesgreatdemands
on
thestudent's
research-writing
skills,
and
most
professionscontinuethedemand;education,advertising
and
marketing,
economics
andaccounting,
science
and
engineering,
psychology,
anthropology,
the
arts,
and
agriculturemayallrequireregularreportingofresearch
data.
ELEMENTSOFTHERESEARCHPAPER
Thestandardresearchreport,regardlessofthefieldorthe
intended
reader
contains
four
major
sections.
These
sections
may
be
broken
down
into
a
variety
of
subsections,
and
they
may
be
arranged
in
avariety
of
ways,buttheyregularlymakeupthecoreofthereport.
ProblemSection.Thefirstrequiredsectionofaresearch
report
is
the
statement
of
the
problem
with
which
the
research
project
is
concerned.
This
section
requires
a
precise
statement
of
the
underlying
question
which
the
researcher
has
set
out
to
answer.
Inthissame
section
thereshouldbeanexplanationofthesignificance--social,
economic,medical,psychological,educational,etc.
--of
thequestion;inotherwords,whytheinvestigationwas
worthconducting.
Thus,
ifwe
set
out,
for
example,
to
answer
the
question
"What
isthe
effect
of
regular
consumptionoffastfoodsonthehealthoftheAmerican
teenager?
"wemustexplainthatthequestionisthoughtto
havesignificantrelevancetothehealthofthissegmentof
thepopulationandmightleadtosomesortofregulations
onsuchfoods.
Afrequentsubsectionofthisproblemsectionisareviewof
pastresearchonthetopicbeinginvestigated.Thiswould
consist
of
summaries
of
the
contributions
of
previous
researchertothequestionunderconsiderationwithsome
商务、技术研究报告的写作
作为学生和专业人员，他们花了大量时间将
自己的研究项目的结果报告给老师，经理和委托人。
的确，一个人如果没有从事研究工作的基本技能和将研究成果清楚而完整地表达的能力，那么他就会在学习和工作中碰到许多障碍。
科研写
作能力的需要对于在各个领域的学生都是相等的，无论理工科学生还是商务、人文学科的学生都是这样研究生阶段的学习对学生的科研写作提
出了很高的要求，而且大多数职业继续要求这样：
教育（学）、广告与市场营销、经济学与会计学，理工科、心理学、人类学、艺术以及农艺可能都
要定期报告研究的信息。
研究报告的要素
标准的研究报告，不论是哪个领域或针对哪类读者，都有四个主要部分。
这些大的部分可以分成
许多小的部分，而且结构安排可以多种多样，但是报告的核心通常由这四大部分组成的。
问题部分。
研究报告的首要部分就是陈述研究项
目所涉及的问题。
这一部分要求准确阐述研究者要问答的根本问题。
在这同一个部分里应该从社会、经济，医学、心理、教育方面来解释问题的
意义：
换言之，为什么值得进行这项研究。
这样，
举例来说，如果我们开始回答“经常食用快餐食品
对美国青少年有什么影响？
”那么我们就必须解释，此问题认为同这部分的人口有着非常密切的
关系，可能导致对此类食品作出某种规定。
问题这一部分通常有一个小部分对该课题过去的
研究民情况进行回顾。
这可能包括对这个问题以前的研究者作出的贡献进行总结以及对这些贡献作出某种评价。
这一小部分具有修辞作用，因为它显示了所提供的资料是在对本领域所取得的成
assessment
ofthe
value
of
these
contributions.
This
subsection
has
rhetorical
usefulness
in
that
itenhances
thecredibilityoftheresearcherbyindicatingthatthedata
presentedisbasedonathoroughknowledgeofwhathas
beendoneinthefieldand,possibly,growsoutofsome
investigativetradition.
Procedures
Section.
The
second
major
section
of
the
research
report
details,
with
as
much
data
as
possible,
exactly
how
the
study
was
carried
out.
This
section
includesdescriptionofanynecessaryequipment,howthe
subjects
were
selected
ifsubjects
were
used,
what
statisticaltechniquewasusedtoevaluatethesignificance
ofthefindings,howmanyobservationsweremadeand
when,etc.Aninvestigationoftherelativeeffectivenessof
variousswim-strokeswouldhavetodetailthenumberof
swimmerstested,thenatureofthetestsconducted,the
experienceoftheswimmers,theweatherconditionsatthe
timeofthetest,andanyotherfactorsthatcontributedto
theoverallexperiment.Thegoaloftheproceduressection
istoallowthereadertoduplicatetheexperimentifsuch
weredesiredtoconfirm,orrefute,yourfindings.
ResultsSection.Thethird,andperhapsmostimportant,
sectionoftheresearchreportisthepresentationofthe
resultsobtainedfromtheinvestigation.Thebasicrulein
this
section
is
to
give
all
data
relevant
to
the
research
questioninitiallyasked.Although,ofcourse,one'snatural
tendencymightbetosuppressanyfindingswhichdonot
insomewaysupportone'shypothesis,suchdishonestyis
antitheticaltogoodresearchreportinginanyfield.Ifthe
experimentsundertakenfailtoproveanything,ifthedata
was
inadequate
or
contrary
to
expectations,
the
report
shouldbehonestlywrittenandascompleteaspossible,
justasitwouldbeifthehypothesisweretotallyprovenby
theresearch.
Discussion
Section.
The
final
required
section
of
a
researchreportisadiscussionoftheresultsobtainedand
astatementofanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfrom
thoseresults.Ofprimaryinterestinbusinessandtechnical
researchreportsisthevalidityoftheresultsasthebases
for
company
decisions:
Will
our
planned
construction
project
meet
federal
environmental
guidelines
and
be
approved
for
building?
Will
this
new
program
attract
skilled
personnel
to
our
company?
Will
this
new
oil
recovery
technique
be
financially
feasible?
Thus,
the
discussion
section
ofthe
research
report
must
evaluate
theresearchresultsfully:
weretheyvalidlyobtained,are
theycompleteorlimited,aretheyapplicableoverawide
range
of
circumstances?
The
discussion
section
should
果透彻理解的基础上取得的，因而它提高了对研
究者的可信度。
并且很可能是从某种调查研究中得出来的。
过程部分。
研究报告的第二大部分准确阐述了，用尽可能多的资料，研究是如何进行的。
这部分
包括说明所需要的设备，实验对象是怎样选择的，如果使用了的话，用什么统计方法来评价实验成果的意义，进行了多少次观察以及什么时候进行
的等。
如果要对不同泳姿的相应效果进行研究的
话，那么就要详细说明参加测试的人数，进行测试的性质，游泳者的经历，进行测试的天气条件，以及对整个实验有影响的其它因素。
过程部分的
目的是让读者能模拟实验，如果他愿意这么样来
证实或驳斥你的结果的话。
结果部分。
研究报告的第三，也许是最重要的部
分是展示从研究中获得的结果。
这部分的基本原则就是对最初提出的问题提供一切有关的资料。
当然，虽然人的自然倾向可能是对任何在某方面与自己的假设不符的结果进行隐瞒，可是这种不
诚实与任何领域优秀的研究报告是相背的。
如果所进行的实验不能证实什么，如果资料不充分或与期望相反，那么研究报告就应该如实而且尽可
能完整地写下来，就象假设被研究证实了的那样
把它写下来。
讨论部分。
研究报告的最后一个必要部分就是讨
论所获得的结果，阐述从那些结果中得出的任何结论。
在商务和技术的研究报告中，人们主要关
注是结果的可靠性，这也是公司决策的依据；我们策划的项目符合联邦环境政策吗？
会得到批准
进行吗？
?
这个新项目会吸引技术人材到我们公司来吗？
从金融方面看，这项石油回收新技术可行吗？
这样，研究报告的讨论必须全面评价研究
成果：
它们获得是否真实？
它们是完整的还是有局限性？
它们的应用范围很大吗？
讨论部分也应该指出哪些问题仍然没有找到答案，也许对进一
alsopointoutwhatquestionremainunansweredand
perhapssuggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.
STYLEOFRESEARCHREPORTS
Research
reports
are
considered
formal
professional
communication.
As
such,
there
is
little
emphasis
ona
livelystyle,although,ofcourse,thereisnoobjectionto
writingthatispleasingandinteresting.Theprimarygoals
ofprofessionalcommunicationareaccuracy,clarity,and
completeness.
The
rough
draft
of
any
research
report
should
beedited
to
ensure
that
all
data
is
correctly
presented,thatallequipmentislisted,thatallresultsare
properly
detailed.
Asanaidtothe
reader,
headings
indicatingatleastthemajorsectionofthereportshould
be
used,
and
alldata
should
be
presented
under
the
proper
headings.
In
addition
totheir
function
of
suggesting
to
the
reader
the
contents
of
each
section,
headingsenhancetheformalappearanceandprofessional
qualityofthereport,increasetosomedegreethewriter's
credibilitybyreflectingalogicalandmethodicalapproach
tothereportingprocess,andeliminatetheneedforwordy
transitionaldevicesbetweensections.
Researchdatashouldbepresentedinawaythatplaces
proper
emphasis
on
major
aspect
of
the
project.
For
different
readers
different
aspects
will
take
on
different
degreesofimportance,andsomeconsiderationshouldbe
given
to
structuring
research
reports
differently
for
different
audiences.
Management,
for
example,
will
be
mostconcernedwiththeresultsofaresearchproject,and
thustheresultssectionshouldbeemphasized,probably
bypresentingitimmediatelyaftertheproblemsectionand
beforetheproceduressection.Otherresearcherswouldbe
mostinterestedintheproceduressection,andthisshould
be
highlighted
in
writing
upresearch
projects
for
publicationinprofessionaljournalsorforpresentationat
professional
conferences.
For
non-technical
readers
and
federalagencies,theimplicationsoftheresultsmightbe
the
most
important
consideration,
and
emphasis
should
be
placed
on
the
discussion
of
the
report
for
this
readership.
Foradditionalclarityandemphasis,majorresultsshould
bepresentedinav
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