国际市场营销教材课后名词解释Word文件下载.docx

国际市场营销教材课后名词解释Word文件下载.docx

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EthnocentrismP14

Thenotionthatpeopleinone’sowncompany,culture,orcountryknowsbesthow

todothings.

GlobalAwarenessP16

Toleranceofculturaldifferenceandknowledgeofcultures,history,worldmarket

potential,andglobaleconomic,social,andpoliticaltrends.

2.Define

GATTP27

GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade:

（1）tradeshallbeconductedona

non-discriminatoryBasis;

（2）protectionshallbeaffordeddomesticindustries

throughcustomstariffs,notthroughsuchcommercialmeasuresasimportquotas;

（3）consultationshallbetheprimarymethodusedtosolveglobaltradeproblems.

WTOP28

WorldTradeOrganization

IMFP30

InternationalMonetaryFund:

Stabilizeforeignexchangerates,facilitatethe

expansionandbalancegrowthofinternationaltrade.

EMUP36

EconomicandMonetaryUnion:

AprovisionoftheMaastrichtTreaty,established

theparametersofthecreationofacommoncurrencyfortheEU,theeuro,and

establishedatimetableforitsimplemention.

NAFTAP39

NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement:

Marketaccess,Nontariffbarriers,Rulesof

origin,Customsadministration,Investment,Service,Intellectual

property,Governmentproperty,Governmentprocurement,Standards.

ASEAN+3P42

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationsplusChina,Japan,andSouthKorea:

To

dealwithtradeandmonetaryissuesfacingAsia.

APECP42

Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation:

isaforum,farfrombeingafreetrade

area.Commongoalsastoopentrade,toincreaseeconomiccollaboration,tosustain

regionalgrowthanddevelopment,tostrengthenthemultilateraltradingsystemand

toreducebarrierstoinvestmentandtradewithoutdetrimenttoothereconomics.

BEMsP49

bigemergingmarkets:

Asmallcoreofcountriesthataccountformorethanhalfof

theworldtradegrowthoverthenexttwodecades,thesecountryareidentifiedas

BEMs.SeetheirimportanttraitsatPage49,50.

BOPMsP48

Bottom-of-the-pyramidmarket:

Anewconceptintroducedintothediscussionof

developingcountriesandmarkets.Theyarenotdefinedbynationalbordersbut

ratherbythepocketsofpovertyacrosscountries.

3.Definethefollowingterms:

ManifestDestinyP62

BasisofU.S.Foreignpolicy:

AmericanswereachosenpeopleordainedbyGodto

createamodelsociety.Moresuperficially,itreferredtotheterritorialexpansionof

theU.S.fromtheAtlantictothePacific.

MonroeDoctrineP62

AcornerstoneofearlyU.S.Foreignpolicy,proclaimingthreebasicdicta:

nofurther

EuropeancolonizationintheNewworld,abstentionoftheUniteStatesfrom

Europeanpoliticalaffairs,andnoninterventionofEuropeangovernmentsinthe

governmentsoftheWesternHemisphere.

RooseveltCorollaryP62

MonroeDoctrinewithanextensionappliedbyRoosevelt:

NotonlywouldtheU.S.

Prohibitnon-AmericaninterventioninLatinAmericanaffairs,butitwouldalso

policetheareaandguaranteethatLatinAmericannationsmettheirinternational

obligations.

SustainabledevelopmentP68

Ajoinedapproachamongthose（governments）,businesses,environmentalists,and

theothers）whoseekeconomicgrowthwith"

wiseresourcemanagement,equitable

distributionofbenefitsandreductionofnegativeeffortsonpeopleandthe

environmentsfromtheprocessofeconomicgrows"

4.Definethefollowingterms

cultureP82

Cultureisthehuman-madepartofhumanenvironment----thesumtotalof

knowledge,beliefs,art,morals,laws,customs,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabits

acquiredbyhumansasmembersofsociety.orP85isthesumofthevalues,

rituals,symbols,beliefs,andthoughtprocessesthatarelearnedandsharedbya

groupofpeople,thentransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.

culturevalueP92

Aculture'

svaluesareitsideasaboutwhatisgood,right,fair,andjust.SeeP91—P92howculturevaluesinflunencevarioustypesofbusinessandmarketbehaviorcomesfromseminalworkbyGeertHofstede.

culturesensitivityP98

Beingattunedtothenuancesofculturesothatanewculturecanbeviewedobjectively,evaluated,andappreciated.

linguisticdistanceP95

Anewconceptmeasuringtherelationshipbetweenlanguagediffenceand

transactioncost.

socialinsititutionsP88

socialinstitutionsincludingfamily,religion,school,themedia,governments,and

corporationsalleffecthewaysinwhichpeoplerelatetooneanother,organizetheir

activitiestoliveinharmonywithoneanother,teacheacceptablebehaviourto

succeedinggenerations,andgovernthemselves.

culturalborrowingP99

culturalborrowingisaresponsibleefforttolearnfromothers’culturalwaysinthe

questforbettersolutionstoasociety’sparticularproblems.

factualknowledgeP98

Astraightfowardfactaboutaculturebutassumesadditionalsignificancewhen

interpretedwithinthecontextoftheculture.

InterpretiveknowledgeP98

Thekindofknowledgemostdependentonpastexperienceforinterpretationand

mostfrequentlypronetomisintrepretetaionifone’shomecountryframeof

reference（SRC）isused.

aestheticsP95

Arts,folklore,music,drama,dance,dressandcosmeticsinaculture.

strategyofunplanned/plannedculturalchangeP102

intoduceaproductmandhopeforthebest/deliberatelysetouttochangethoseaspectsofthecultureofferingresistancetopredeterminedmarketinggoals.

strategyofculturalcongruennceP102

Thissrtategyinvolcesmarkettingproductssimilartonoesalreadyonthemarketinamannerascongruentaspossiblewithexistingculturalnorms,therebyminimizingresisitance.

5.Definethefollwingterms

culturalimperativesP108

Culturalimperativesarethebusinesscustomsandexpectationsthatmustbemet

andconformedtooravoidifrelationshiparetobesuccessful.

culturalelectivesP109

culturalelectivesrelatestoareasofbehaviourortocustomsthatculturalaliensmay

wishtoconformtoorparticipateinbutthatarenotrequired.

culturalexclusivesP109

Culturalexclusivesarethosecustomsorbehaviourpatternsreservedexclusively

forthelocalsandfromwhichtheforeignerisbarred.

FCPAP129

ForeignCorruptPracticesAct

P-time/M-timeP119

P-time,orpolychronictime,ischaracterizedbythesimultaneousoccurrenceof

manythingsandby"

agreatinvolvementwithpeople."

M-time,ormonochronictime,isusedonthosewesternculturestendtoconcentrate

ononethingatatime.

subornationP129

Subornationinvolvesgivinglargesumofmoney--frequentlynotproperly

accountedfor--designedtoenticeanofficialtocommitanillegalactonbehalfof

theoneofferingthebribe.

theprinciplesofUtilitarianethicsP131

Doestheactionoptimizethe"

commongood"

orbenefitsofallconstituencies?

And

whoarethepertinentconstituencies.?

theprinciplesofJusticeorfairnessP131

Doestheactionrespectthecanonsofjusticeorfairnesstoallpartiesinvolved?

silentlanguage

6.Definingthefollowingterms

sovereigntyP138

Asovereigntystateisindependentandfreefromallexternalcontrol;

enjoysfull

legalequalitywithotherstates;

governsitsownterritory;

selectitsownpolitical,

economic,andsocialsystems;

andhasthepowertoenterintoagreementswith

othernations

NationalismP142

Nationalismcanbebestdescribedasanintensefeelingofnationalprideandunity,

anawakeningofanation'

speopletoprideintheircountry.

Confiscation,Expropriation,DomesticationP144

Confiscation:

theseizingofacompany'

sassetswithoutpayment

Expropriation:

thegovernmentseizesaninvestmentbutmakessome

reimbursementfortheassets.

Domestication:

hostcountriesgraduallycausethetransferofforeigninvestmentsto

nationalcontrolandownershipthroughaseriesofgovernmentdecreesthat

mandatelocalownershipandgreaternationalinvolvementinacompany'

s

management.

PSAs,NGOsP147

Politicalandsocialactivists（PSAs）canrangefromthosewhoseektobringabout

peacefulchangetothosewhoresorttoviolenceandterrorismtoeffectchange.

Nongovernmentalorganizations（NGOs）

7.Definethefollowingterms:

Common/code/IslamiclawP159

Commonlaw,derivedfromEnglishlawandfoundinEngland,theUnitedStates,

Canada,andothercountriesonceunderEnglishinfluence;

Codelaw,derivedfromRomanlawandfoundinGermany,Japan,France,and

non-Islamicandnon-Marxistcountries.

Islamiclaw,derivedfromtheinterpretationoftheKoranandfoundinPakistan,

Iran,SaudiArabia,andotherIslamicstates.

Marxist-socialisttenetsP162

PrioruseversusregistrationP169

Ownershipisestablishedbyprioruseinacommon-lawcountry,butitis

establishedbyregistration.

ConciliationP163

Conciliation（alsoknowsasmediation）isanonbindingagreementbetweenparties

toresolvedisputesbyaskingathirdpartytomediatedifferences.

ArbitrationP164

Theusualarbitrationpro