《《新东方GMAT阅读精解》63篇》.docx

《《新东方GMAT阅读精解》63篇》.docx

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Passage1

Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities-aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.

Civilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneof

（5）theprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregener-atedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inappar-

（10）entagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagen-

（15）cieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscon-tractstominorityenterprises.

Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensub-stantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,

（20）thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusi-nessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.lbillionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithno

（25）letupanticipatedinthenextdecade.

Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemost

（30）aresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,there-after,theirsubcontractsareforsomereason

（35）reduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.

Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,anda



（40）smallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.

AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportion-

（45）mentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercould

（50）acquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhiteback-ing,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.

（55） Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunthedangerofbecoming--andremaining—dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompe-titionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompanies

（60）makesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:

whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebene-factor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

（A）presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies

（B）describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks

（C）proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem

（D）analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement

（E）exploretheimplicationsofafinding

2.Thepassagesuppliesinformationthatwouldanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?

（A）Whatfederalagencieshavesetpercentagegoalsfortheuseofminority-ownedbusinessesinpublic

workscontracts?

（B）Towhichgovernmentagenciesmust

businessesawardedfederalcontractsreporttheireffortstofindminoritysubcontractors?

（C）Howwidespreadistheuseofminority-ownedconcernsas“fronts”byWhitebackersseekingtoobtainsubcontracts?

（D）Howmanymoreminority-ownedbusinessesweretherein1977thanin1972?

（E）Whatisonesetofconditionsunderwhichasmallbusinessmightfinditselffinanciallyover-extended?

3.Accordingtothepassage,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhave

（A）beenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentalmismanagementoftheeconomy

（B）beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors

（C）nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations

（D）notbeenabletoadvertiseinthosemediathatreachlargenumbersofpotentialcustomers

（E）nothadadequaterepresentationinthecentersofgovernmentpower

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcauseitto

（A）experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm

（B）facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses

（C）havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment

（D）increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors

（E）reviseitsprocedureformakingbidsforfederalcontractsandsubcontracts

5.Theauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofitsbusinesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould

（A）avoidcompetitionwithlarger,moreestablishedconcernsbynotexpanding

（B）concentrateonsecuringevenmorebusinessfromthatcorporation

（C）trytoexpanditscustomerbasetoavoidbecomingdependentonthecorporation

（D）passonsomeoftheworktobedoneforthecorporationtootherminority-ownedconcerns

（E）useitsinfluencewiththecorporationtopromotesubcontractingwithotherminorityconcerns

6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”（lines14-

15）are

（A）morepopularwithlargecorporations

（B）morespecific

（C）lesscontroversial

（D）lessexpensivetoenforce

（E）easiertocomplywith

7.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements（lines18-19）wassubstantial

（A）Corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessestotaled$2billionin1979.

（B）Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.

（C）Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.

（D）Theestimateofcorporatespendingwithminority-ownedbusinessesin1980isapproximately$10milliontoohigh.

（E）The$1.1billionrepresentedthesame

percentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.

8.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?

（A）Annoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.

（B）Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusinessesinthe1970’s,theiraversiontogovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopursuemanygovernmentcontracts.

（C）Thesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe1970’sislikelytobesustainedandconceivablybeincreasedthroughoutthe1980’s.

（D）Althoughcorporationsareeagertocooperatewithminority-ownedbusinesses,ashortageofcapitalinthe1970’smadesubstantialresponseimpossible.

（E）Theenormouscorporateresponsehasallbuteliminatedthedangersofoverexpansionthatusedtoplaguesmallminority-ownedbusinesses.

Passage2

WoodrowWilsonwasreferringtotheliberalideaoftheeconomicmarketwhenhesaidthatthefreeenterprisesystemisthemostefficienteconomicsystem.Maximumfreedommeans

（5）maximumproductiveness;our“openness”istobethemeasureofourstability.FascinationwiththisidealhasmadeAmericansdefythe“Old

World”categoriesofsettledpossessivenessversus

unsettlingdeprivation,thecupidityofretention

（10）versusthecupidityofseizure,a“statusquo”defendedorattacked.TheUnitedStates,itwasbelieved,hadnostatusquoante.Ouronly“sta-

tion”wastheturningofastationarywheel,spin-ningfasterandfaster.Wedidnotbaseour

（15）systemonpropertybutopportunity---whichmeantwebaseditnotonstabilitybutonmobil-ity.Themorethingschanged,thatis,themorerapidlythewheelturned,thesteadierwewouldbe.Theconventionalpictureofclasspoliticsis

（20）composedoftheHaves,whowantastabilitytokeepwhattheyhave,andtheHave-Nots,whowantatouchofinstabilityandchangeinwhichtoscrambleforthethingstheyhavenot.ButAmericansimaginedaconditioninwhichspec-

（25）ulators,self-makers,runnersarealwaysusingthenewopportunitiesgivenbyourland.Theseeco-nomicleaders（front-runners）wouldthushemainlyagentsofchange.Thenonstarterswereconsideredtheoneswhowantedstability,a

（30）strongrefereetogivethemsomepositionintherace,aregulativehandtocalmmanicspecula-tion;anauthoritythatcancallthingstoahalt,beginthingsagainfromcompensatorilystag-gered“startinglines.”

（35） “Reform”inAmericahasbeensterilebecauseitcanimaginenochangeexceptthroughtheextensionofthismetaphorofarace,widerinclu-sionofcompetitors,“apieceoftheaction,”asitwere,forthedisenfranchised.Thereisno

（40）attempttocallofftherace.Sinceouronlysta-bilityischange,Americaseemsnottohonorthequietworkthatachievessocialinterdependenceandstability.Thereis,inourlegends,nohero-ismoftheofficeclerk,nostableindustrialwork

（45）forceofthepeoplewhoactuallymakethesystemwork.Thereisnoprideinbeinganemployee（Wilsonaskedfora