新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读C课后习题翻译Word格式.doc

新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读C课后习题翻译Word格式.doc

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Scienceisalsocallednaturalsciencetodistinguishitfromotherbranchesoflearning.Scienceisconcernedwithnature,thatis,withknowledgeofthecharacteristicsandoperationsofanyandallnaturalthingsandhappenings.Scienceembracesallofnature,andexpressesourbestideasofhownaturalphenomenaarerelatedtoeachotherandaretobeformedintowhatiscalledtheuniverse.

Sciencehasmanycharacteristics,andtounderstandwhatscienceisrequiresadetailedexaminationofthesepropertiesandpeculiarities.Anumberofwritershaveassertedthatscienceisreallyonlyamethod—thescientificmethod.Suchadefinitionisanoversimplification,butitiscertainthatthesciencemethodplaysanimportantroleindeterminingthenatureofscientificknowledge.

Unit3

Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimishardlybelievable.Itisalmostimpossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Justthinkwhatfuntheyoftenprovide!

Imaginewhatabusandrailwaystationwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements?

Wouldyouenjoygazinghelplesslyatabankwallwhilewaitingforabusortrain?

Wouldyouliketoreadadailypaperclosely-printedwithcolumnsofnews?

Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaper.Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,radioortelevisionstationscouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypapercanenjoysomanyprogramsonairisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!

Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe“smallads”whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaper.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!

Justabouteverythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns,forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeath.It’stheadvertisementamongtheadvertisements.

Unitfour

Fewgreatnamesinmusicspellasmuchmagictotheaverageconcert-goerasthatofTachaikowsky.Inalmosteverymusicalfromwillbefoundaworkofhisrankinghighinpopularity.Andquitedeservedlyso.Tschaikowsky’smusicisfilledwithawarmhumanityandstirringdrama.Thethemesandfeelingareeasytograsp.Thepersonal,intimatenoteissostronginthismusicthatwefinditnatural,whilelisteningtothePatheticSymphonyortheNutcrackerBalletSuite,forexample,toshareTschaikowsky’sjoysandsorrows.Hismusicseemstotakeusintohisconfidenceandshowusthesecretplacesofhisheart.AlthoughTschaikowsky’srangeofmoodsiswide—fromthewhimsicalplayoflightfantasytostormyoutcriesofanguish—essentiallyhewasamelancholyman,inhismusicasinhislife.Perhapsitisthegenuinenessofhismusicinconveyingstrongemotionsandsufferingthathasdrawnmillionstohissymphoniesandconcertos.Afranksincerityandwarm-heartednessflowfromhismusic.Thebestofhismelodieslingerhauntinglyinthemindandheart.Aslongassincerefeelingexpressedinsincereartisticfromcanmovetheheartsofmen,Tschaikowsky’smusicwillcontinuetoholdahighplaceintheconcerthallandoperahouse.

OnlyBeethovenandMozartcanrivalTschaikowskyinthenumberofcompositionsinvariousmusicalformsthatstandsoutasrepertoryfavorites.Tschaikowsky’sviolinconcertoisasmucha“request”itemasBeethoven’s.ThePatheticSymphonyrankswiththethreeorfourenduringfavoritesoftherepertory.Tschaikowsky’sNutcrackerballetisprobablythemostpopularsuiteofitskindinmusic.

Unitsix

Emphasison“practicalities”isbeingcharacterizedbythesubordinationofthesocialsciencestothenaturalsciences.Historyisseennotasessentialexperiencetobetransmittedtonewgenerations,butasabstractionsthatcarrystaleodors.Artisregardedassomethingthatcallsforindulgenceorpatronageandthathasnoplaceamongthepracticalrealities.Politicalscienceisviewedmoreasaspecializedsubjectforpeoplewhowanttogointopoliticsthanasanopportunityforcitizenstodevelopaknowledgeablerelationshipwiththesystemsbywhichhumansocietiesaregoverned.Finally,literatureandphilosophyareassignedtheroleofintellectualadornmentsthathavenothingtodowith“genuine”education.

Notingismorevaluableforanyonewhohashadaprofessionalorvocationaleducationthantobeabletodealwithabstractionsorcomplexities,ortofeelcomfortablewithsubtletiesofthoughtorlanguage,ortothinklogically.Thedoctorwhoknowsonlyaboutdiseaseisatadisadvantagecomparedwiththedoctorwhoknowsatleastasmuchaboutpeopleashedoesaboutpathologicalorganisms.Forthetechnologist,theengineeringofco-operationcanbejustasimportantastheengineeringofmovingparts.

Thesocialscienceswouldbeexpandableonlyifthehumanpastneverexistedorhadnotingtotellusaboutthepresent;

ifthoughtprocesseswereirrelevanttotheachievementofpurpose;

ifcreativitywasbeyondthehumanmindandhadnothingtodowiththejoyofliving;

ifhumanrelationshipswererandomaspectsoflife;

ifhumanbeingsneverhadtocopewithpanicorpain,oriftheyneverhadtoanticipatetheconnectionbetweencauseandeffect;

ifallthemysteriesofmindandnaturewerefullyprobed.

Unitseven

Weliveinamaterialisticsocietyandarenurturedfromourearliestyearstobeacquisitive.Ourpossessions—“mine”and“yours”—areclearlylabeledfromearlychildhood.Whenwegrowoldenoughtoearnaliving,itdoesnotsurpriseustodiscoverthatsuccessismeasuredintermsofthemoneyyouearn.However,itnotonlyinaffluentsocietiesthatpeopleareobsessedwiththeideaofmakingmoremoney.Consumergoodsaredesirableeverywhereandmodernindustrydeliberatelysetsouttocreatenewmarkets.

Gonearethedayswhenindustrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.Thewheelsoftheindustrymustbekeptturning.Built-inobsolescenceprovidesthemeans:

goodsaremadetobediscarded.Younosooneracquirethisyear’smodelthanyouarethinkingaboutitsreplacement.

Thismaterialisticoutlookhasseriouslyinfluencededucation.Fewerandfeweryoungpeoplethesedaysacquireknowledgeonlyforitsownsake.Everycourseofstudiesmustleadsomewhere,forexample,toabiggerwagepacket.Thedemandforhi-techpersonnelfarexceedsthesupplyandbigcompaniescompetewitheachothertorecruitstudentsbeforetheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.Temptingsalariesand“fringebenefits”areofferedtothem.Recruitingtacticsofthiskindhaveledtothe“braindrain”,thephenomenainwhichhighlyskilledpeopleoffertheirservicetothehighestbidder.Thewealthiernationsdeprivetheirpoorerneighborsoftheirmostablecitizens.WhileMammonisworshippedasneverbefore,therichgetricherandthepoor,poorer.

Uniteleven

Weallassociatecolorswithfeelingandattitudes.Inpoliticsdarkblueoftenmeans“tradition”andredmeans“socialchange”.Butbluecanalsomeansadness,andwhiteisoftenforpurity,althoughinChinawhiteiswornforfunerals,andredisusedtoexpressthejoyofawedding.InWesternEuropewhiteiswornatweddingsandblackforfunerals.Advertisersareawareoftheimportanceofselectingcolorsaccordingtothewaypeoplereacttothem.Soappowderscomeinwhiteandlightbluepackets（cleanandcold,likeice）;

cerealsoftencomeinbrownpackets（likewheatfields）,butcosmeticsnevercomeinbrownjars（dirty.）.

Wheredotheseideascomefrom?

MaxLuscherfromtheUniversityofGenevabelievesthatinthebeginninglifewasdictatedbytwofactorsbeyondourcontrol:

nightandday.Nightbroughtpassivity,andageneralslowingdownofmetabolism;

daybroughtwithitthepossibilityofaction,andincreaseinthemetabolicrate,thusprovidinguswithenergyandinitiative.Darkblue,therefore,isthecolorofquietandpassivity,brightyellowthecolorofhopeandactivity.

Inprehistorictimes,activityasruletookoneoftwoforms:

eitherwewerehuntingandattacking,orwewerebeinghuntedanddefendingourselvesagainstattack.Attackisuniversallyrepresentedbythecolorred;

self-preservationbyitscomplementgreen.