全国大学生英语竞赛D类初赛卷AWord文档格式.docx

全国大学生英语竞赛D类初赛卷AWord文档格式.docx

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AreComputersAlive?

Thetopicofthoughtisoneareaofpsychology,andmanyobservershaveconsideredthisaspectinconnectionwithrobotsandcomputer:

someoftheoldworriesaboutAI-artificialintelligence---werecloselylinkedtothequestionofwhethercomputerscouldthink.Thefirstmassiveelectroniccomputers,capableofrapid（ifoftenunreliable）computationandlittleornocreativeactivity,weresooncalled“electronicbrains”.Areactiontothisterminologyquicklyfollowed.Toputthemintheirplace,computerswerecalled“high-speedidiots”,anefforttoprotecthumanvanity.Insuchaclimate,thepossibilityofcomputersactuallybeingalivewasrarelyconsidered:

itwasbadenoughthatcomputersmightbecapableofthought.Butnoteveryonerealizedtheimplicationsofthehigh-speedidiottag.IthasnotbeenpointedoutoftenenoughthateventhehumanidiotisoneofthemostintelligentlifeformsonEarth.Iftheearlycomputerswereeventhatintelligent,itwasalreadyaremarkablestateofaffairs.

Oneconsequenceofspeculationaboutthepossibilityofcomputerthoughtwasthatwewereforcedtoexaminewithnewcaretheideaofthoughtingeneral.Itsoonbecauseclearthatwewerenotsurewhatnewmeantbysuchtermsasthoughtandthinking.Wetendtoassumethathumanbeingsthink,somemorethanothers,thoughtweoftencallpeoplethoughtlessorunthinking.Dreamscauseaproblem,partlybecausetheyusuallyhappenoutsideourcontrol.Theyareobviouslysometypeofmentalexperience,butaretheyatypeofthinking?

Andthequestionofnonhumanlifeformsaddsfurther

problems.Manyofuswouldmaintainthatsomeofthehigheranimals---dogs,cats,apes,andsoon---arecapableofatleastbasicthought,butwhataboutfishandinsects?

Itiscertainlytruethatthehighermammalsshowcomplexbrainactivitywhentastedwiththeappropriateequipment.Ifthinkingisdemonstratedbyevidentelectricalactivityinthebrain,thenmanyanimalspeciesarecapableofthought.Oncewehaveformulatedclearideasonwhatthoughtisinbiologicalcreatures,itwillbeeasiertodiscussthequestionofthoughtinartifacts（人工制品）.Andwhatistrueofthoughtisalsotrueofmanyothermentalprocesses.OneoftheimmensebenefitsofAIresearchisthatwearebeingforcedtocheckcarefullytheworkingofthehumanmind.

Itisalreadyclearthatmachineshavesuperiormentalabilitiestomanylifeforms.Nofernoroaktreecanplaychessaswellaseventhesimplestdigitalcomputer;

norcanfrogsweld（焊接）carbodiesaswellasrobots.Themechanicalmanipulatoriscleverinsomewaysthatthethree-toedsloth（树懒）.Itseemsthat,viewedintermsofintellect,thecomputershouldbesetwellaboveplantsandmostanimals.Onlythehigheranimalscan,itseems,competewithcomputerswithregardtointellect---andeventhenwithdiminishingsuccess.（Examplesofthisareinthegamesofchess.SomeoftheWorld’sbestplayersnowcomputers.）

Questions56—58:

ReadthequestionsandthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD,anddecidewhichisbestchoiceaccordingtothepassage.

56.Thefirstelectroniccomputerswere________.

A.slowandreliableB.largeandfast

C.creativeandaccurateD.unreliableandsmall

57.Intheauthor’sview,mentalactivitiesarecharacteristicof________.

A.allplantsandanimalsB.someanimals

C.humanbeingaloneD.computers

58.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutmachinesthinking?

A.ItissomewhatpossibleB.Itistotallyimpossible

C.ItwillnotberealizedtoosoonD.Itmaysurpasshumanthinkingsomeday

Question59-60:

Completethefollowingstatementswithinformationgiveninthepassageinamaximumofthreewordsforeachblank.

59.Theauthorfeelsthatbycallingtheseearlycomputers“high-speedidiots”,peoplewerereallyimplyingthatcomputerswouldneverbecapableof______.

60.Theauthorbelievethatsuchwordsasthoughtandthinkingmightcometobetterunderstoodbecauseofresearchinto______andcomputers.

SectionB（10marks）

Questions61-65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThelifeofJackieChan

Oneofthemostpopularfilmpersonalitiesintheworld,JackieChancamefromapovertystrickenHongKongfamily-sopoor,claimsChan,thathewasalmostsoldininfancytoawealthyBritishcouple.Asitturnedout,Chanbecamehisfamily’ssolesupport.EnrolledintheChineseOperaResearchInstituteattheageofseven,hespentthenextdecadeinrigoroustrainingforacareerinthePeakingOpera,excellinginmartialartsandacrobatics.

BilledasChengLong,Chanenteredfilmsinhismid-teens,appearingin25productionsbeforehis20thbirthday.Startingoutasastuntman,Chanwaspromotedtostardomasthepotential

astuntman,Chanwaspromotedtostardomasthepotential

successortothelateBruceLee.Inhisearlieststarringfilms,hewascastasastone-coldserioustype,determinedtoavengeLee’sdeath.OnlywhenhebeganplayingforlaughsdidChantrulyattainfullcelebritystatus.FrequentlyreferredtoastheBusterKeatonofkung-fu,Chan’soutlookonlifeisalotmoreoptimisticthanKeaton’s,butinhistirelessdevotiontothemostelaborateofsightgagsandthemostawe-inspiringofstuns（manyofwhichhavenearlycosthimhislife）,ChanisKeatonincarnate.

From1987’sTheYoungMasterinward,Chanhasusuallybeenhisowndirectorandscreenwriter.HisbestHongKong–producedfilmsincludethenonstopaction-festsProjectA（1983）,PoliceStory（1986）,andtheGoldenHorseAward-winningCrimeStory（1993）----nottomentionthementionthemultiplesequelsofeachoftheaforementionedtitles.DespitehispopularityinEuropeandAsia,ChanwasformanyyearsunabletomakeadentintheAmericanmarket.HetiredhardinsuchfilmsasTheBigBrawl（1980）andthefirsttwoCannonballRunflicks,butAmericanfilmgoersjustweren’tbuying.

Atlonglast,ChanminedU.S.box-officegoldwith1996’sRumbleintheBronx,afilmsoexhilaratingthattheaudiencenevernoticedthosedistinctlyCanadianmountainrangesloomingbehindthe“Bronx”skyline.ChanremainedthemostpopularAsianactorwiththegreatestpotentialwhenheco-starredwithChrisTuckerinthe1998box-officehitRushHour.ChanhadanothersuccessonhishandswithShanghaiNoon,acomedyWesterninwhichhestarredasanImperialGuarddispatchedtotheAmericanWesttorescuethekidnappeddaughter（LucyLiu）oftheChineseEmperor.

Questions61-63:

Readthequestions,andthentellwhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue（T）orfalse（F）

61.JackieChanstatedasacomedyactorandthenmovedintoseriousroles.

62.ChanwasverypopularintheUnitedStatesrightawaywithhisfirstmovie.

63.Thelastthreemoviesmentioned,RumbleintheBronx,RushHour,andShanghaiNoon-wereverysuccessful.

Questions64-65:

Answerthefollowingquestionaccordingtothepassage.

64.WhatdidJackieChanlearnforacareerinthePekingOpera?

65.WhendidJackieChangetfullcelebritystatus?

SectionC（10marks）

Questions66-70arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

WhatMakesSoundBeautiful?

（69）Beautyiscertainlymorethanshin-deep.Howeveryoumightdefineit,beautyextendsfarbeyondthevisualtothatwhichpleasesotherthemind.Themostimportantabeyondtheseotherroutesfortheobservationofbeautyisthesenseofhearing.Musicisroutinelyrecognizedasbeautiful.Soareothersounds,likethewhisperingofwindthroughpinesorthegentlepurringofacat.

Justasphilosophersandscientistshavestruggledtodefinevisualbeauty,theyhaveattemptedtoanalyzetheappealofpleasantsoundsaswell.Ultimately,sonic（声音的）beautyisintheearofthebeholder.Researchandintuitioncan,however,suggestwhyonepersonconsidersamusicalpiecegorgeouswhileanotherconsidersitabucketfulofnoise.

Theexistenceofnoiseisaclueinitself.Aconventionaldefinitionofnoisewouldincludeadjectivelikeunwanted,annoying,disorganized,ormeaningless.Soundsthathavenodiscernible（可是别的）patterntothemorthatintrudeonmentalorderarenotgenerallyconsideredbeautiful.Therelationshipofsoundtothesituationiscrucial.AnassertiveorchestralpiecelikeCopland’s“FanfarefortheCommonMan”couldbestrikinglybeautifulataFourthofJulycelebrationyetdecidedlyannoyingwhenitblaresfromsomeoneelse’sapartmentwhileyouaretryingtoconcentrateonadifficulttask.

Butitisthequesttodiscovertheroleofpatternthattakesusbeyondsuchobviousintuitivejudgmentsaboutthebeautyofsound.Inthe1930s,amathematiciannamedGeorgeBirkhoffproposedformulasthatwouldplaceagivenworkofartonanumericalaesthetic（审美的）scale.Morebeautifulartwouldscorehigherthanlessbeautifulart.HeProposeddifferentspecificsforanalyzingpainting,orgeometricfigures,orpoetry,ormusic,buthiscentralformulaisM=O/C.ThesymbolMstandsforbeauty,Ofororigination,andCforcomplexity.（70）Inotherwords,aworkofmusicthatisverywellorganizedandnotverycomplicatedscoreshigherthanaworkwithsimilarlygoodorganizationbutahighdegreeofcomplexity.Organizationisgood,complexityisbad.

ThisaspectofBirkhoff’sapproachclearlyoversimplifiesthecase.Organizationandcomplexitydocontributetotheperceivedbeautyofamusicalpiece,butnotasmereopposites.Theyentwineandinfluencethepieceincombinationwitheachotherandwithotherfactors.Toillustratethis,let’sconsideroneofth