一些常用的SCI论文句式Word下载.doc
《一些常用的SCI论文句式Word下载.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《一些常用的SCI论文句式Word下载.doc(7页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
6.Althoughthesignalsthatcontrolneutrophilmigrationfromthebloodtositesofinfectionhavebeenwellcharacterized,littleisknownabouttheirmigrationpatternswithinlymphnodesorthestrategiesthatneutrophilsusetofindtheirlocalsitesofaction.
不像B,which…,A…
1.UnlikenaiveTcells,whichsurvivelargelyininterphase,memoryTcellspersistundernormalconditionswithaslowbutconstantturnover.
像…一样
1.AswithnaiveTcells,memoryTcellsarealsocapableofundergoingmorerapidcelldivisionunderlymphopenicconditions,knownasacute
homeostaticproliferation.
…已有共识
1.Thereisnowageneralconsensusthattwomembersofthecommonγchaincytokinefamily,namelyIL-7andIL-15,controlthehomeostasisofCD8+
memorycells
…仍不清楚
1.However,thefactorsthatgovernthehomeostasisofCD4+memorycellshaveyettobefullydefined.
2.Althoughmoleculardetailsoftheprocessarepoorlyunderstood.
3.AlthoughwhythissubsetofTcellsisuniquelysensitivetoIL-2iscurrentlyunclear.
4.experimentsdirectlyinterrogatingthephysiologicalrequirements
forDC-producedIL-2haveyettobepublished.
5.AmongthequestionsthatremaintoberesolvedarehowIL-2mayplaybothsupportiveandrestrictiverolesinthesametransgenicOT-1CD8+Tcells.
6.ThecauseofthisdiseasehasbeenelusivebecausetheSAPgeneisnotaffectedinXLP2patients.
7.ThemainsourceofIL-17atthelocalsiteofinflammationstillremainsunknown.
8.WhethersuchamechanismisrelevanttoCD4+Thelpercellsremainsanopenissue.
9.WhetherthefailuretosilenceTRAILsynthesisuponrechallengeexplainsthisexampleofAICDremainstobeinvestigated.
10.WhetherthereceivingcellmustmakecontactwiththeproducingcellorwhetherthereisaroleforsolubleIL-15/IL-15RαcomplexesinCD8+memoryTcellhomeostasisisnotclear.
11.ButthequestionofwhethertheyneedtonicsignalsviatheirTCRisstillopen.
12.ExactlywhatCD4+TcellsprovidetomaintainCD8+Tcellmemoryremainsamystery.
13.LargequestionsremainastohowchemokinesignalingregulatesorisregulatedtocoordinatethecomplexinvivodynamicsoftheTlymphocytes。
14.However,whathasnotbeendelineatedistheresponseofeffectorTcellsatnonlymphoidtissuesiteswhentheyreencounterAg.
15.ThepreciseroleofIL-2intheregulationofCD8TcellresponsestoforeignAginvivohoweverremainsenigmatic.
16.OurunderstandingofthedevelopmentalcontrolofV(D)Jrecombinationontheonehand,andthatofcellproliferation,death,andsurvivalduringdifferentiationontheother,isstillfragmentary.
…已经得到公认
1.Itiswellacceptedthattwocytokines,namelyIL-7andIL-15,areinvolvedinmaintainingthenumbersofCD8memorycellsinvivo(145–147).
与…相似
1.Inaddition,thereisahigh-affinityreceptorforIL-15,referredtoasIL-15Rα,anditwasthought,inanalogywiththeIL-2R,thatathree-chaincomplex,αβγ,wasthereceptorforIL-15onNKcellsandmemoryCD8+Tcells.
仍存在争议
1.Itwasclearthatthereisnoshortageofcontroversy.
可以肯定地说
1.Itissafetosay,infact,thatthereisalongwaytogobeforethefieldfullyunderstandstheprocessofeffectorandmemorycelldifferentiation,therelationshipsamongthesepost-activationcellfatesandtheextenttowhichanygivenTcelladoptsafixedversusaflexiblefunctionalprogramafterantigenactivation.
2.Thereisnodoubtimmunologicalresearchhasbeenboostedbythe
recentapplicationof2P-IVM
依赖、需要
1.Ag-specificmemoryCD8+cells,ontheotherhand,arelessdependentonIL-15,relyingmoreonIL-7,butstillrequireIL-15forbasalhomeostaticproliferationandlong-termmaintenance
2.Furthermore,robustCD8recallresponsesappeartobeparticularlyreliantonCD8costimulationvia4-1BB.
A与B之间的差异
1.ThediscrepancyinthehomeostaticrequirementsforAg-specificmemoryversusMPcellsappearsevengreaterforCD4+thanCD8+cells.
与…一致,相符
1.Consistentwiththisnotion,recentstudieshaveshownthatIL-7isessentialforthesurvivalandbasalhomeostaticturnoverofAg-specificCD4+memorycells.
2.SimilarlybroadexpressionofIL-2andIL-15receptorsdonotcoincidewellwiththehighlyrestrictedrolesthatIL-2andIL-15appeartoplayinthymicdevelopment.
3.ThedistinctfunctionsofIL-2,IL-15,andIL-7signalsinnaiveTcellhomeostasiscorrespondwellwiththeexpressionpatternsofthevariousreceptorchains.
4.Acomparisonofwild-typeandCD25?
/?
CD8+TcellssidebysideinamixedradiationchimerafollowingLCMVorListeriainfectionrevealedthattheknockoutcellscoulddivideasfastaswild-typecellsandaccumulatetolargenumbersofeffectors(54),inlinewithpreviousfindings.
5.TheseexperimentsarealsoinagreementwithphysiologicalstudiesshowingthatTcellsactivatedbysolublepeptideinvivoarenotcommittedtotoleranceafter3d
6.Resultspresentedinthisworkdonotcontradictthishypothesis,butsuggestthatinadditiontoitsfunctionasa“Tcellgraveyard,”thelivermayplayaroleinprimaryactivationofCD81TcellsspecificforAgspresentedwithintheliver,includingpeptidesdeliveredbythei.v.route.
被迫
1.TheseeffectorTcellsundergoadramaticcontractioninnumbersafterantigenclearance,with90–95%succumbingtoapoptosiswithin
weeks.
与…相反,相反地…
1.IncontrasttoCD8memoryTcells,CD4memoryTcellsmaynotrequirethesignalsthroughcommoncytokinereceptorchain.
2.Bycontrast,IL-2signalingmayplayamajorroleinthedifferentiationofregulatoryTcells
3.ContrarytoT-cellrecognitionofpeptidesprocessedandpresentedonMHCmoleculesbyDC,immunoglobulinreceptorsonBcellsrecognizeintactproteinantigensintheirnativestate.
参与了
1.Thepolycombgroup(PcG)geneBmi1hasrecentlybeenimplicatedinthemaintenanceofhematopoietic…
2.anintrinsichistoneH3-K27methyltransferaseactivity,whichimplicatesalikelymechanismforPcG-mediatedgenesilencing.
本课题研究了…在…的作用
1.WehereininvestigatedtheroleofBmi1inthegenerationandmaintenanceofmemoryCD4+Th1/Th2cells.
研究(清楚)表明…
1.OurresultsindicatethatBmi1controlsmemoryCD4TcellsurvivalandfunctionthroughthedirectrepressionoftheNoxagene.
2.However,follow-upstudieshavenotrevealedanobviousdefectinthymicselection
3.MultipleinvitrostudiesdemonstratethatTcellactivationdependsonthepresenceofIL-2.
4.TheresultsconclusivelydemonstratedthatIL-2wasdispensable
asagrowthfactorforantiviralCD8Tcellsinsecondarylymphoid
tissues
在…方面缺乏让人信服的证据
1.Compellingevidenceinthisregardiscurrentlylacking.
与…相比
1.AlthoughtheexpressionlevelsofIL-7R_andIL-2R_wereslightlyloweronBmi1_/_memoryTh2cellsascomparedwithwild-typecells.
静脉过继转移到…
1.(AandBmi1+/+,Bmi1+/_,orBmi1_/_effectorTh2(A)orTh1(cellswithDO11.10TgbackgroundwereintravenouslytransferredintoBALB/cnu/numice.
大量的证据表明…
1.Hence,despiteaplethoraofinvitroevidenceshowingthatIL-2wascriticalforsupportingTcellactivation,thedominantphysiologicalfunctionofIL-2signalsinvivoistorestrainTcellactivationandpreventautoimmunity.
A对B很重要
1.IL-2isclearlyessential/criticalforTregdifferentiation.
2.Thenon-homologousDNAend-joining(NHEJ)pathwayhasanessentialroleinjoiningdouble-strandbreaks(DSBs)generatedbytheRAGproteinsduringV(D)Jrecombination;
3.CD4+TcellsplayanessentialroleinpromotingtheinitialexpansionofCD8+Tcellsrespondingtoinitialantigenchallengewhenantigencomesfromarelativelynoninflammatoryimmunogen.
4.OneattractivepossibilityisthatthesubsetofendogenouslyactivatedCD4+TcellsthatexpresslowlevelsofCD25andmakenumerouscytokinesarekeytomaintainingCD8+memoryTcells.
5.DCsarecentraltotheprimingofbothprimaryandsecondaryCD8+Tcellresponses.
6.OurresultsthereforesuggestthatTLRscanplayacrucialroleinshapingthedevelopmentoftheadaptiveimmunesystem.
引出…问题
1.TheseresultsraisethequestionoftheextenttowhichthesuppressiveactionsofTGF-βandIL-27aremediatedbytheircapacitytopromoteIL-10productionbyothercells.
2.TheobservationthatCD8+TcelldifferentiationisprogrammedafterarelativelyshortexposuretoantigenhasbroughtintoquestionthenatureofCD8+Tcell–DCinteractionsinvivo.
3.TheexpressionofAIDindevelopingBcellsinbothmutantandnormalmice(Maoetal.,2004)raisesquestionsregardingthemechanismofAIDinductionattheseearlystagesofBcelldevelopment.
不奇怪地,可以预期地
1.Notunexpectedly,thenewest‘lineage’ofhelperTcells,TH-17cells,alsoreceivedagreatdealofattentionattheRingbergmeeting.
2.Asexpected,RAG-2expressionisdetectedonlyinpre-BandimmatureBcells,validatingourcell-purificationprocedure.
面对严峻的挑战
1.Thequestionthenbecamehowtotacklesuchadauntingchallenge.
除了…以外
1.AsidefromCD28,perhapsthebestdescribedCD8-specificcostimulatorymoleculeis4-1BB(CD137).
…观点最近也受到挑战
1.TheparadigmthatSHMislimitedtomatureBcells