语言学术语的名词解释Word格式文档下载.docx

语言学术语的名词解释Word格式文档下载.docx

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2）Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel.（Syntaxreferstpthewaysthatsentencesareconstructedaccordingtothegrammarofarrangement.）

3）Arbitrarinessandconvention

Duality,bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.（Asyllableisthesmallestunitthatisnormallyspokenbyitself.）

Creativity,bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.

Displacement,meansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.（Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandlegeneralizationsandabstractions.Theyareoftenusedwithadeferenceforreferentralapplicahon。

）

Originoflanguage

Thebow-bowtheory,thepooh-poohtheory,the"

yo-he-yo"

theory.

Onethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolveswithinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts.

Functionsoflanguage

1）Informative（theinformativefunctionispredominantlythemajorroleoflanguageformostpeople.）

2）Interpersonalfunction（themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.）

3）Performative（theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilyochangethesocialstatusofpersons.）

4）Emotivefunction（theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.）（theexpressivefunctioncanoftenbeentirelypersonalandtotallywithoutanyimplicationofcommunicationtoothers.）

5）Phaticcommunion:

Phaticcommunionreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhichisnotintendedtoseekorconveyinformationbuthasthesocialfunctionofestablishingormaintainingsocialcontact.

6）Recreationalfunction（therecreationalfunctionisrestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedlylimitedinusefulness.）

7）Metalingualfunction（Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.）

Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageor,alternatively,asthescientificstudyoflanguage.

Mainbranchesoflinguistics

1）Phonetics（phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech.）（articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,auditoryphonetics）

2）Phonology（Phonologystudiesterulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.）（Phonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatsignaladifferenceinmeaning）

3）Morphology（itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning---morphemesandword-formationprocesses.）

4）Syntax（SyntaxisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.）

5）Semantics（Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.）

6）Pragmatics（pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.）（Inotherwords,pragmaticsisconcernedwiththewaylanguageisusedtocommunicationratherthanwiththewaylanguageisstructured.）（Itregardsspeechperformanceasprimarilyasocialactruledbyvarioussocialconventions.）

Macrolinguistics（Macrolinguisticsistheinterdisciplinnarystudyoflanguage.）（Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,ethnography,thescienceoflawandartificialintelligenceetc.arealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.）

1）Psycholinguistics（Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.）

2）Sociolinguistics（Thelanguagevarietiescometohavesymbolicorsymptomaticvalue,inandofthemselves,isaninevitableconsequenceoftheirfunctionaldifferentiation.）

3）Anthropologicallinguistics

4）Computationallinguistics（Itcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.）

Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

1）Descriptivevs.Prescriptive（Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.）（Descriptive,tobedescriptivemeanstodescribehowalanguageisactuallyspokenorwritten.）（Prescriptive,tobeprescriptivemeanstostateorprescribehowalanguageoughttobespokenorwritten.）

2）Synchronicvs.Diachronic（Synchronicdescriptiontakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.）（Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.）

3）Languevs.Parole（Languereferstothelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker;

Parolereferstotheactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics.）

4）Competencevs.performance（Competenceisalanguageuser'

sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules;

Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.）（Theextendedideaofcompetencecanbecalledcommunicativecompetence.）

第二章

Assimilation:

Aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.Itisoftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulaiton.

Soundassimilation:

Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.

Allophone:

Thevariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.

Binaryfeatures:

Manydistinctivefeaturesofspeechsoundsarebinaryfeaturesbecausewecangroupthemintotwocateories:

onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout.Binaryfeatureshavetwovaluesorspecificationsdenotedby"

+"

and"

-"

sovoicedobstruentsaremarked[+voice]andvoicelessobsturentsaremarked[-voiced].

Distinctivefeatures:

Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:

onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.

Cardinalvowels:

Forjones,thecardinalvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.Byconvention,theeightprimarycardinalvowelsarenumberedfromonetoeightasfollows:

[i],[e],[3],[a],[a],[o],[u].

Complementarydistribution:

therelationbetweentwospeechsoundsthatneveroccurinthesameenvironment.Allophonesofthesamephonemeareusuallyincomplementarydistribution.

Consonant:

Soundsegmentsproducedbyconstrictingorobstuctingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

Diacritics:

Asetofsymbolsforhepyrposeoftranscribingtheminutedifferencebetweenvariationsofthesamesound.Forinstance,toindicatethatavowelhasbeennasalized,wesimplyaddacurvedlinetothetoofthesymbol[a]as[a-].

Minimalpair:

Atermofphonology,atechniquewhichisusedtofindoutwhichsoundsubstitutionscausedifferencesofmeaning.

Phoneme:

Thesmallestphoneticunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.

Phonology:

thestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages.Thereisafairdegreeofoverlapinwhatconcernsphoneticsandphonology.Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguage,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.Phonologyandphoneticsaretwodistinctbutrelateddisciplinesofthestudyofspeechsounds.

RP:

ReceivedPronunciation,alsocalledBBCEnglishorOxfordEnglish.RPoriginateshistoricallyinthesoutheastofEnglandandisspokenbytheupper-middleandupperclassesthroughoutEngland.ItiswidelyusedintheprivatesectoroftheeducationsystemandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.

Suprasegmentalfeatures:

thoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincialsuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.

Stress:

Thedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.

Vowel:

soundsegmentsproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulenceofatotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.

Whatisacousticphonetics?

Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances（soundwaves）.Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?

Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;

consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvo