Solar Urban Planning and Design城市太阳能使用概略.docx

Solar Urban Planning and Design城市太阳能使用概略.docx

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SolarUrbanPlanningandDesign城市太阳能使用概略

SolarUrbanPlanningandDesign

Abstract:

Inrecentdecades,urbanpopulationgrowth,theaccelerationofenergyconsumptionandenergyprice,theincreaseofpublicconcernsaboutenvironmentalpollutionandthedemolitionofnonrenewableenergies,haveadvertedtheattentionofdifferentgroupstotheuseofsustainable,availableandcleansolarenergyasasustainableenergy.

Specialistslikearchitectsandengineershaveconsideredsolarenergyindesigningsystems,buildingsandequipments.Stragglesuccessachievedinthecase,causetheprogressofreplacingsolarsystemsinbuildingsandequipmentsinsteadofsystemsconsumingunsustainableresourceslikefossilfueltobeaccelerated.Buttheyhavenotappliedcoherentlyyet.Inotherwords,beforetheenforcementofsolarprojectsincities,itisnecessarytonoteallthedimensionsrelatedtotheirexecutioninordertoreachtheiroptimumefficiency.Thegoalthatcouldbeattainedbylong-timeandmultidimensionalplanning.

Thispaperguidesthefocusofurbanandtownplanninganddesignontheapplicationofsolarenergy.Thaturbanplannersshouldconsiderthreeaspectsofenvironment,economyandsocietyinthreerelatedelementsofcitiesconsistingbuildingsandurbanspaces,urbaninfrastructuresandurbanlandusestoachievesustainablegoalsisdiscussedinthispaper.So,afterthereviewoffewexperiences,theissuesandguidelineswhoseconsiderationleadtothemoreefficientsolarurbanplanninganddesignareoutlined.

Keywords:

SolarUrbanPlanning-SolarPotential-SustainableCity-SolarMasterPlan-SmartInfrastructure

1.Introduction:

theincreaseofattentiontosolarenergy

Theincreaseofurbanpopulation,activitiesandtechnologiesusingfossilfuels,energyprice,energyconsumptionandtheincreaseofpublicconcernsaboutenvironmentalpollutionandthedestroyofnon-renewableenergyresources,arecausingdifferentexpertsincludingspecialistsrelatedtobuildingandconstructiontolookforalternativewaysofenergyprovision.Buildingprofessionalshavenotconsideredtheaimofgooddesignaestheticallymoreandtrytodesignthe

building’scharacteristicsandrequirementsindependonthedecreaseofusingfossilfuelsandavoidanceofwastingenergy.Hagman（2005）saysthatgreatimprovementsinenergyefficiencyofbuildingsortheutilizationofsolartechnologiesonbuildingshavebeenmadesince20yearsago.Hesaysthatvisionaryclientsaswellasasmallbutveryactiveandinnovativwcommunityofarchitects,designersandengineerstooktherisktouseandtodevelopfurthersolartechnologiesandstrategiesforurbanplansandbuildings（Hagman,2005）.HealsoaddressestotheculturalmovementofBernhardRudofskyinthemiddleof1960’sinholdinganexhibition“ArchitecturewithoutArchitects”intheMuseumofModernArt,NewYork.Buildingexamplespresentedintheexhibitionareeffectiveintheattractionofarchitect’sattentiontothevarietyofdesignandstructuralsolutions,Integrationinthelocallandscape,exclusiveuseoflocallyavailable,naturalconstructionmaterials,uniformityoftheconstructionstructures,applicationoftraditionalandtime-testedconstructiontechniques.

InGermany,attheendofthe1960’sagroupofarchitects,designers,engineersandsociologist,calledLOGID,wereaimingatalifewithinagreenenvironment.Thelifeandworkinagreenhousegottestedandpromoted.Homedesigns,similarenergygainingandaheatstorage.Theidealisticgoalwasthedreamoftheself-supply（Hagemann,2005）.Then,straggleeffortshavebeendoneandvariousconceptssuchas“Biologicaldesign”,“NaturalDesign”,“AlternateBuildingDesign”,“SustainableArchitecture”,“EcologicalArchitecture”,“SolarArchitecture”,“OrganicArchitecture”,“VernacularArchitecture”,“ClimateArchitecture”,“GreenArchitecture”and“NaturalArchitecture”havebeencreatedinordertocreateahealthyandenvironmentallyfriendlyenvironment.Todaythesesingleapproachesofthevariousdirectionsareadoptedundertheumbrellaofan“ecologicalandsolarbuildingdesign”whichaimsataholisticdesignapproach（Hagemann,2005）.

“EcologicalandSolarBuildingDesign”canbedescribedasanyformofdesignthatminimizesenvironmentallydestructiveimpactsbyintegratingitselfwiththelivingprocesses（Hagemann,2005）.SomeofthetargetsHagman（2005）presentedasthetargetsofecologicalandsolardesigninitspaperarelowestpossiblepollutantdeliveryattheenvironment,lowestpossiblepowerconsumptionfromfossilenergyresources,maximumuseofrenewableenergysourcesincludingtheuseofactiveandpassivesolarsystems,exclusiveuseofrenewable,recyclableandenvironmentallyharmlessconstructionmaterials,exclusionofallbuildingmaterialswithunhealthyoutgassing,inparticulariftheyareusedinsidethebuilding,lowestpossibleinterferenceoftheenvironmentincludingtheuseofland,improvementofthenaturalconditionsforadiverselocal-orientedanimalandplantworld,lowestpossibleconsumptionofdrinkingwater,reductionandavoidanceofthesettlementwastetobedeposited,optimallifehygienicconditionsandsociallybeneficiallivingconditions,costeffectivebuildingconstruction,creationofalong-termuse-value,i.e.thebuildingmustbeeasilyadjustable,alterableandrepairable.

Althoughtheeffort,thelimitedinformationandknowledgeofarchitectsaboutnewtechnologiesandvariousdesignsofsolartechnologiesanditsstrategies,thescarceoflimitationsofarchitecturalplan,lowknowledgeofurbanplannersonconsiderationofprerequisitesofbuildingdevelopmentandurbanauthorities’inadequateattentioninfinancialandeducationalprogramstosampleprojects,prohibitthevastdevelopmentofusingtheenergyandrelatedstrategiesincities.Therefore,thefrequentusageofsolartechnologiesarelimitedtosinglebuildingshavingnoaccesstootherenergysourcesorenergytransfertotheirplacementisnoteconomical.

2.Thenecessityofusingsolarenergyinurbanscale

Therearethreemajorreasonsthatinterpretthenecessityofusingsolarenergyinurbanscaleandtheconsiderationofitsprerequisitesinurbanplanningandurbandesignscales.Thefirstistheaccelerationofurbanpopulationgrowtharoundtheworldandtheglobalpredictionresultsshowingtheexhaustingofnone-renewableenergyresources.IndependontheestimationsdoneinBerlin,urbanbuildingsconsume40%ofurbanenergymostlyachievedbyfossilfuel,whileeachbuildingcanprovideitsnecessaryenergyfromcheap,sustainable,cleanandhealthysolarenergybydifferentmethodsofusingsolarenergyspeciallythroughphotovoltaicsystems.Thethirdreasonisthelonglifeofurbanstructuresincomparisonwithurbanplanninglifeandinfrastructures’life.Thedifferenceandthepossibilityofchangingurbaninfrastructureinordertousethemaximumpossiblesolarenergyandtheeasyinstallationandchangeofphotovoltaicequipmentsonthebuildingsandevenbuildingreconstructioninthisregard,arevaluableandurgentbecauseeachactioninurbanbuildingsandinfrastructureswhicharedonetodayhavethelongresultonthetotalurbanstructure.

Usingtheapproach,someofthecitiessuchasBerlinandNewYorkhavestartedsomechangesandreparationsoftheconstructionofresidentialbuildings.Andalsothroughtheapplicationofsomebylawsandcodes,theyappreciateorobeyedoccupantstoalternateunsustainableenergyresourcesintheirhouseswithsolartechnologies.

Inaddition,withoutanydoubt,urbanauthoritiesandlocalmanagementhaveakeyroleonempowermentandpersuasionofusingsolarenergyamongindividualpartsanddifferentgroupsofthesocietybyintroducingsomelocalpoliciesandanappropriatelegalframework.Asaresult,thedevelopmentandexpansionofsolartechnologiesinurbanbuildingscouldnotbeeasilyoccurredwithouttheconsiderationofnecessarymeasuresinurbanscale.Berlincouldbementionedasasuccessfulcityintheapplicationofsolartechnologies.Inthecity,in1996,EuropeanCharterforSolarEnergyinArchitectureandUrbanPlanning”wasset.Thechartermentionedsomeinstructions,standards,statutoryregulationsandlawstoguidethedesignofbuildingandurbanspacesinsuchawaythatnaturalresourceswillbeconservedandrenewableformsofenergy-especiallysolarenergy-willbeusedasextensivelyaspossible.

Hagemann（2005）saysthattoday,insomecountries,suchasSwitzerlandandGermany,approachesthatwereseenas“ecological”or“solar”inthepast,areconsideredasa“stateofthetechnology”andareappliedforpredominantlyeconomicandtechnicalreason.Inthisrespect,somestandardsaresetfortheseriousapplicationofsolartechnologiesinGermany.Also,asGuedietal（2006）saymanycitieslikeNewYork,SanFrancisco,TelAvivandTorontohavedefinedregulationstokeepsolarrightsfromapublicpointofviewortoensurethefulluseofprivateproperties.InsomecountriessuchasIsrael,althoughtherearenogeneralregulationstoensuresolarrightsforeitherpublicorprivateproperties,althoughenvironmentassessmentisrequiredwhentallbuildingsaredesigned（Capeluto&etc.,2006）.Moreover,PVCityGuidemakesindicationsandrecommendationshowstrategicurbanpoliciescanbedevelopedinordertoincreasetheuseofphotovoltaics（Nowak&Gutschner,2001）.Inaddition,asolarurbanmasterplanforBerlinwascreatedbyEcofysin2004attherequestoftheCityCouncilinordertodeterminethesolarpotentialsofthedifferentcityquarters（Lindner,2007）.

3.Methodsofusingsolarenergyincities

Inrecentyears,solarenergyisappliedbydifferentsystemsandfor