专四阅读Word文件下载.docx
《专四阅读Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《专四阅读Word文件下载.docx(55页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
It'
sbeenlikethatforyears."
Actually,thestephasn'
tbeenlikethatforyears,buttheunspokenmessageis:
"
Idon'
twanttofixit.Weputupwithit.Whycan'
tyou?
"
Thesearchforamoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedofexaminingamessageintermsofwhosaidit,whenitoccurred,therelatedconditionsorsituation,andhowitwassaid.
Whenamessageoccurscanalsorevealassociatedmeaning.Letusassumetwocouplesdoexactlythesameamountofkissingandarguing.Butonecouplealwayskissesafteranargumentandtheothercouplealwaysarguesafterakiss.Theorderingofthebehaviorsmaymeanagreatdealmorethanthefrequencyofthebehavior.Afriend'
sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodbynotingthatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredanabnormalamountofassertiveness.Someresponsesmaybedirectlylinkedtoadevelopingpatternofresponsesanddefylogic.Forexample,apersonwhosays"
No!
toaserialsofchargeslike"
You'
redumb,"
relazy,"
and"
redishonest,"
mayalsosay"
andtrytojustifyhisorherresponseifthenextstatementis"
Andyou'
regoodlooking."
Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessagesarepresented.Thewords,"
Ifsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover,"
canbesaidwithemphasisandexcitementorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceorrepeatedseveraltimes.Andthemeaningsweassociatewiththephrasewillchangeaccordingly.Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;
sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthelessimportanceitassumes.
1.Effectivecommunicationisrenderedpossiblebetweentwoconversingpartners,if___.
A.theyuseproperwordstocarrytheirideas.
B.theybothspeaktrulyoftheirownfeelings.
C.theytrytounderstandeachother'
sideasbeyondwords.
D.theyarecapableofassociatingmeaningwiththeirwords.
2."
I'
mlettingoffsomesteam"
inparagraph1means___.
A.I'
mjustcallingyourattention.
B.I'
mjustkidding.
C.I'
mjustsayingtheopposite.
D.I'
mjustgivingoffsomesound.
3.Thehouse-owner'
sexampleshowsthatheactuallymeans___.
A.thestephasbeenlikethatforyears.
B.hedoesn'
tthinkitnecessarytofixthestep.
C.theconditionofthestepisonlyaminorfault.
D.thecostinvolvedinthefixingshouldbeshared.
4.Someresponsesandbehaviorsmayappearveryillogical,butarejustifiableif___.
A.linkedtoanabnormalamountofassertiveness.
B.seenasone'
shabitualpatternofbehavior.
C.takenaspartofanorderingsequence.
D.expressedtoaseriesofcharges.
5.Theword"
ritualistically"
inthelastparagraphequalssomethingdone___.
A.withouttrueintention.
B.light-heartedly.
C.inawayofceremony.
D.withlessemphasis.
答案:
DBABC
Racket,dinclamor,noise,whateveryouwanttocallit,unwantedsoundisAmerica'
smostwidespreadnuisance.Butnoiseismorethanjustanuisance.Itconstitutesarealandpresentdangertopeople'
shealth.Dayandnight,athome,atwork,andatplay,noisecanproduceseriousphysicalandpsychologicalstress.Nooneisimmunetothisstress.Thoughweseemtoadjusttonoisebyignoringit,theear,infact,neverclosesandthebodystillresponds—sometimeswithextremetension,astoastrangesoundinthenight.
Theannoyancewefeelwhenfacedwithnoiseisthemostcommonoutwardsymptomofthestressbuildingupinsideus.Indeed,becauseirritabilityissoapparent,legislatorshavemadepublicannoyancethebasisofmanynoiseabatementprograms.Themoresubtleandmoreserioushealthhazardsassociatedwithstresscausedbynoisetraditionallyhavebeengivenmuchlessattention.Nevertheless,whenweareannoyedormadeirritablebynoise,weshouldconsiderthesesymptomsfairwarningthatotherthingmaybehappeningtous,someofwhichmaybedamagingtoourhealth.
Ofmanyhealthhazardstonoise,hearinglossisthemostclearlyobservableandmeasurablebyhealthprofessionals.Theotherhazardsarehardertopindown.Formanyofus,theremaybeariskthatexposuretothestressofnoiseincreasessusceptibilitytodiseaseandinfection.Themoresusceptibleamongusmayexperiencenoiseasacomplicatingfactorinheartproblemsandotherdiseases.Noisethatcausesannoyanceandirritabilityinhealthpersonsmayhaveseriousconsequencesforthesealreadyillinmindorbody.
Noiseaffectsusthroughoutourlives.Forexample,thereareindicationsofeffectsontheunbornchildwhenmothersareexposedtoindustrialandenvironmentalnoise.Duringinfancyandchildhood,youngstersexposedtohighnoiselevelsmayhavetroublefallingasleepandobtainingnecessaryamountsofrest.
Why,then,istherenotgreateralarmaboutthesedangers?
Perhapsitisbecausethelinkbetweennoiseandmanydisabilitiesordiseaseshasnotyetbeenconclusivelydemonstrated.Perhapsitisbecausewetendtodismissannoyanceasapricetopayforlivinginthemodernworld.Itmayalsobebecausewestillthinkofhearinglossasonlyanoccupationalhazard.
1.InParagraph1,thephrase"
immuneto"
areusedtomean___.
A.unaffectedby
B.hurtby
C.unlikelytobeseenby
D.unknownby
2.Theauthor'
sattitudetowardnoisewouldbestbedescribedas___.
A.unrealistic
B.traditional
C.concerned
D.hysterical
3.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?
A.Noiseisamajorproblem;
mostpeoplerecognizeitsimportance.
B.Althoughnoisecanbeannoying,itisnotamajorproblem.
C.Noiseisamajorproblemandhasnotyetbeenrecognizedassuch.
D.Noiseisamajorproblemaboutwhichnothingcanbedone.
4.Theauthorcondemnsnoiseessentiallybecauseit___.
A.isagainstthelaw
B.canmakesomepeopleirritable
C.isanuisance
D.inagangertopeople'
shealth
5.Theauthorwouldprobablyconsiderresearchabouttheeffectsnoisehasonpeopletobe___.
A.unimportant
B.impossible.
C.awasteofmoney
D.essential
ACCDD
Acontroversyeruptedinthescientificcommunityinearly1998overtheuseofDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid)fingerprintingincriminalinvestigations.DNAfingerprintingwasintroducedin1987asamethodtoidentifyindividualsbasedonapatternseenintheirDNA,themoleculeofwhichgenesaremade.DNAispresentineverycellofthebodyexceptredbloodcells.DNAfingerprintinghasbeenusedsuccessfullyinvariousways,suchastodeterminepaternitywhereitisnotclearwhothefatherofaparticularchildis.However,itisintheareaofcriminalinvestigationsthatDNAfingerprintinghaspotentiallypowerfulandcontroversialuses.
DNAfingerprintingandotherDNAanalysistechniqueshaverevolutionizedcriminalinvestigationsbygivinginvestigatorspowerfulnewtoolsintheattempttotroveguilt,notjustestablishinnocence.Whenusedincriminalinvestigations,aDNAfingerprintpatternfromasuspectiscomparedwithaDNAfingerprintpatternobtainedfromsuchmaterialashairsorbloodfoundatthesceneofacrime.AmatchbetweenthetwoDNAsamplescanbeusedasevidencetoconvictasuspect.
Thecontroversyin1998stemmedformareportpublishedinDecember1991bypopulationgeneticistsRichardC.LewontinofHarvardUniversityinCambridge,Mass.,andDanielL.HartlcalledintoquestionthemethodstocalculatehowlikelyitisthatamatchbetweentwoDNAfingerprintsmightoccurbychancealone.Inparticular,theyarguedthatthecurrentmethodcannotproperlydeterminethelikelihoodthattwoDNAsampleswillmatchbecausetheycamefromthesameindividualratherthansimplyfromtwodifferentindividualswhoaremembersofthesameethnicgroup.LewontinandHartlcalledforbettersurveysofDNApatternsmethodsareadequate.
Inresponsetotheircriticisms,populationgeneticistsRanajitChakrabortyoftheUniversityofTexasinDallasandKennethK.KiddofYaleUniversityinNewHaven,Conn.,arguedthatenoughdataarealreadyavailabletoshowthatthemethodscurrentlybeingusedareadequate.InJanuary1998,however,thefederalBureauofInvestigationandlaboratoriesthatconductDNAtestsannouncedthattheywouldcollectadditionalDNAsamplesformvariousethnicgroupsinanattempttoresolvesomeofthesequestions.And,inApril,aNationalAcademyofSciencescalledforstrictstandardsandsystemofaccreditationforDNAtestinglaboratories.
1.BeforeDNAfingerprintingisused,suspects____.
A.wouldhavetoleavetheirfingerprintsforfurtherinvestigations
B.wouldhavetosubmitevidencefortheirinnocence
C.couldeasilyescapeconvictionofguilt
D.coldbeconvictedofguiltaswell
2.DNAfingerprintingcanbeunreliablewhen____.
A.themethodsusedforblood-cellcalculationarenotaccurate
B.twodifferentindividualsofthesameethnicgroupmayhavethesameDNAfingerprintingpattern
C.amatchisbychanceleftwithfingerprintsthathappentobelongtotwodifferentindividuals
D.twodifferentindividualsleavetwoDNAsamples.
3.TogeneticistslikeLewo