完整版词汇学Unit12答案.docx

完整版词汇学Unit12答案.docx

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完整版词汇学Unit12答案

Unit1

CheckYourUnderstanding

StatewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE.

a.F

b.F

c.F

d.F

e.T

In-ClassActivities

1.Theword“word”isdiverseintermsofitsmeaning.Consideritsusagesinthefollowingcontexts:

a.MayIsayawordaboutthat?

b.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.

c.Shehaskeptherword.

d.Finallythegeneralgavethewordtoretreat.

e.Letmeknowifyougetwordofmywife.

f.Wordhasitthey’redivorcing.

ASK:

（1）Whatdoes“word”meanineachofthecontexts?

a.Somethinghewouldtalkabout

b.thingsthataresaid,contrastedwiththingsthataredone

c.thepromiseonehasmade

d.spokencommandorsignal

e.information

f.pieceofnews;message

（2）Doyouknowofanyotherusagestheword“word”has?

2.

ASK:

（1）CanyousummarizethefivecriteriaintroducedbyDavidCrystalhere?

Potentialpause:

Thepause,whichhappenswhenyousayasentence,willtendtofall

betweenwords,andnotwithinwords.

Indivisibility:

Theextraitemswillbeaddedbetweenthewordsandnotwithinthem.

Minimalfreeforms:

thesmallestunitsofspeechthatcanmeaningfullystandontheirown.

Phoneticboundaries:

Itissometimespossibletotellfromthesoundofawordwhereitbeginsorends.

Semanticunits:

eachwordinasentencehasaclearmeaning.

（2）Doyouthinkthesecriteriaarequestionableinanyway?

Cantheybeappliedtotheidentificationofzi,theroughChineseequivalentoftheEnglish“word”?

No,astheaboveanalysisexplained.No,theycannot.Forexample,流连and蹒跚，theyaredanchuci（单纯词）whichcannotbeanalyzedindependently.

3.

ASK:

（1）SupposewewanttoknowwhatarethetenmostfrequentlyusedEnglishwords.Whatarethey,asfarasyoucantell?

HowaboutChinese?

The,of,to,and,a,in,is,it,you,that

的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着

（2）ArethereanysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetenmostfrequentlyusedwordsinEnglishandthoseinChinese?

Theyarebasicallyfunctionalwords.Bothhavepossessiveword,（of,的）numberwords（a,一）,copulawords（is,是）,conjunctions（and,和）andlocalizers（in,在）.;Englishhasthedefinitearticletheandseveralpronouns,you,thatanditwhichareabsentinChinese.

4.AccordingtoFerdinanddeSaussure,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweentheformofawordandwhatitstandsfor.Inotherwords,wordsarearbitrary（i.e.notmotivated）intermsofmeaningdesignation.However,thereseemtobeabundantcasesinnaturallanguagesthatdefythisgeneralization.Forexample,onomatopoeicwordsseemtoexistinallthelanguagesknowntous.Toalesserdegree,themeaningofsomewordscanbepartlydeducedfromtheircomponents.Forexample,“sl-“ishighlysuggestiveofthemeaningofthewordsthatcontainit,suchas“slide”,“slip”,and“slush”.

ASK:

（1）

Babble,bang,grunt,splash;噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱

No,thesewordsareonlyasmallpartofEnglishorChinesevocabulary

（2）

Footballandhandballconcernthebodypartwhichtaketheballfromoneplacetoanother,andbasketballisnamedafterabasketintowhichtheballisputinthebeggingstageofthegame.

（3）

Peoplehavebodilyembeddedknowledgetoinferthesemotivationsofsuchusage.Thefirstexampleconcernsthemetaphorandsecondmetonymy

（4）Doyouknowothertypesofwordsorusagesthataremotivatedinonewayoranother?

Somefigurativeusagesarealsohighlymotivated.Forexample:

Necessityisthemotherofinvention.

5.BritishEnglish（BEforshort）andAmericanEnglish（AEforshort）aretwomajorvarietiesoftheEnglishlanguage.Thoughtheyhavefundamentalsimilaritiesintermsofgrammarandvocabulary,theyalsodiffersubstantiallyinmanyways.Onthevocabularylevel,severaldistinctdistinctionsarefound.First,therearedifferencesinthepronunciationofsomewords,mostlyinthevowelsounds,asillustratedinthefollowingtable:

Someconsonantsarealsopronounceddifferently.Particularly,inBE，theletterrbeforeaconsonantisnotpronounced,butthatattheendofawordispronouncedifthenextwordbeginswithavowel,e.g.,cart/k:

t/,door/d:

/,butamemberof/membf/;inAE,theletterrispronouncedinallpositions.

Secondly,BEandAEdifferinthespellingofsomewords.Usually,theAEvariantsaresimplerthantheirBritishcounterparts,asmanifestedbelow.

Afurthernoticeabledifferencerelatestothelexicalmeaningofsomewords.Forinstance,“bill”means“banknote”inAEbut“ademandforpaymentofadebt”inBE.

ASK:

（1）CanyousupplymorewordsthatarepronounceddifferentlyinBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish

half,advance,advantage,after,answer,ask,glance,glass,grasp

（2）DoyouknowofanygrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish?

InAmericanEnglishwesay“graduatefromschool”;whileinBritishEnglish,wesay“leaveschool”.InAmericanEnglish,ithas“putupprice”,whileinBritishEnglish,itis“raiseprice”

（3）AretherespecialwordsforwhichAEandBEhaveverydistinctivespellings?

ForChinesecharacters“博览会”,BritishEnglishhas“fair”whileAmericanEnglishuseestradeshow.“Lifeandelevator”,and“autumnandfall”aremoreexamples.

（4）CanyoufindmoreexamplesofthesamewordswithdifferentmeaningsinAEandBE?

onebillion/firstfloor/pants

onebillion

（Brit）thenumber1000000000000万亿之数

（US）thenumber1000000000十亿之数

firstfloor

InBritishEnglishthefloorofabuildingatstreetlevelisthegroundfloorandthefloorabovethatisthefirstfloor.

InUSEnglishthestreet-levelflooristhefirstfloorandtheoneaboveisthesecondfloor

Pants

（Brit）men'sunderpants;women'sorchildren'sknickers

（US）trousers

6.ThefollowingexcerptcomesfromBarackObama’sspeechonFather’sDay,June15,2008.Readitcarefully,andpayspecialattentiontohischoiceofwords.

Thefirstissettinganexampleofexcellenceforourchildren—becauseifwewanttosethighexpectationsforthem,we’vegottosethighexpectationsforourselves.It’sgreatifyouhaveajob;it’sevenbetterifyouhaveacollegedegree.It’sawonderfulthingifyouaremarriedandlivinginahomewithyourchildren,butdon’tjustsitinthehouseandwatch“SportsCenter”allweekendlong.That’swhysomanychildrenaregrowingupinfrontofthetelevision.Asfathersandparents,we’vegottospendmoretimewiththem,andhelpthemwiththeirhomework,andreplacethevideogameortheremotecontrolwithabookonceinawhile.That’showwebuildthatfoundation…..

Thesecondthingweneedtodoasfathersispassalongthevalueofempathytoourchildren.Notsympathy,butempathy—theabilitytostandinsomebodyelse’sshoes;tolookattheworldthroughtheireyes.Sometimesit’ssoeasytogetcaughtupin“us,”thatweforgetaboutourobligationstooneanother.There’sacultureinoursocietythatsaysrememberingtheseobligationsissomehowsoft—thatwecan’tshowweakness,andsothereforewecan’tshowkindness……

Andthefinallessonwemustlearnasfathersisalsothegreatestgiftwecanpassontoourchildren—andthatisthegiftofhope.…I’mnottalkingaboutanidlehopethat’slittlemorethanblindoptimismorwillfulignoranceoftheproblemsweface.I’mtalkingabouthopeasthatspiritinsideusthatinsists,despiteallevidencetothecontrary,thatsomethingbetteriswaitingforusifwe’rewillingtoworkforitandfightforit.Ifwearewillingtobelieve.

ASK:

（1）HowdoesObamadistinguish“empathy”from“sympathy”?

EmpathymeansIdentificationwithandunderstandingofanother'ssituation,feelings.

Theabilitytostandinsomebodyelse’sshoes

Sympathyisdefinedasfeelingofpityandsorrow（forsb.）

（2）WhydoesObamabothertodefine“hope”–afamiliarwordtoall?

Hope,accordingtoObama,issomethingbetteriswaitingforusifwe’rewillingtoworkforitandfightforit.Ifwearewillingtobelieve.Hedifferentiateshopefromwhatisblindoptimismorwillfulignoranceoftheproblemsweface

（3）Whatotherlexicalchoicesimpressyoudeeplyaswell?

“Asfathersandparents”,whynotasfathersandmothers,

Opentodiscussion

Post-ClassTasks

1.Whatcharacteristicsdofunctionalwordshave？

ReadthefollowingexcerptfromGeorgeW.Bush’sFarewellAddressin2009andunderlinethefunctionalwordsusedinit.

Likeallwhohaveheldthisofficebeforeme,Ihaveexperiencedsetbacks. TherearethingsIwoulddodifferentlyifgiventhechance. YetIhavealwaysactedwiththebestinterestsofourcountryinmind. IhavefollowedmyconscienceanddonewhatIthoughtwasright. YoumaynotagreewithsometoughdecisionsIhavemade. ButIhopeyoucanagreethatIwaswillingtomakethetoughdecisions.

2.Howdoyouunderstandreceptiveandproductivelexicalknowledge?

Useyourownexamplestoillustratetheirdifferences.Whichtypeofvocabularyisprobablythelargestforalanguageuser,readingvocabulary,writingvocabulary,listeningvocabulary,orspeakingvocabulary?

Giveonereasonthatconvincesyoumost.

Forexample,welearnthat“word”canbeusedtoreferto“rumor”,andweknowitmeans“rumor”inthesentence“Thewordisthathe'sleftthecountry.（据说他已经离开这个国家了）.”Butactually,wewillnotwritethesentence,esp.,saythesentenceindailyconversations.Bythisexample,weshowthatreceptivelexicalknowledgeconcernswhatyoulearnedandproductivelexicalknowledgeconcernswhatyouwouldputintopractice.Readingvocabularymaybethelargesttypeofvocabulary,becauseyoumayrecognizethemeaningofawordwithoutusingitindailyexchangesorinacademicwriting.

3.Islexicalcompetencethesamethingasproductivelexicalknowledge?

Howdoyouunderstandthetwoconcepts