外文翻译模板7522367Word格式文档下载.docx

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bDept.ofCivilEngineering,Univ.ofPatras,26500Rion,Greece

cDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,CA94720-1710,USA

ABSTRACT

Largedirectsheartesting（300mm_300mmbox）ofmunicipalsolidwaste（MSW）collectedfromalandfilllocatedintheSanFranciscoBayareawasperformedtogaininsightontheshearresponseofMSW.Thestudyinvestigatedtheeffectsofwastecomposition,confiningstress,unitweight,andloadingrateonthestress–displacementresponseandshearstrengthofMSW.TheamountandorientationofthefibrouswastematerialsintheMSWwerefoundtoplayacriticalrole.ThefibrousmaterialhadlittleeffectontheMSW’sstrengthwhenitwasorientedparalleltotheshearsurface,asistypicallythecasewhenwastematerialiscompressedverticallyandthentestedinadirectshearapparatus.TestsinwhichthefibrousmaterialwasorientedperpendiculartothehorizontalshearsurfaceproducedsignificantlystrongerMSWspecimens.Thetestresultsindicatethatconfiningstressandloadingratearealsoimportantfactors.Basedon109large-scaledirectsheartests,theshearstrengthofMSWatlowmoisturecontentsisbestcharacterizedbycohesion=15kPa,frictionangle=36_atanormalstressof1atmosphere,andadecreaseinthefrictionangleof5_foreverylog-cycleincreaseinnormalstress.

1.Introduction

Theresponseinshearofmunicipalsolidwaste（MSW）isanimportantconsiderationinlandfilldesign,particularlyfortheevaluationofalandfill’sstaticandseismicstability.SeveralMSWlandfillinstabilitieshaveoccurredinrecentyears,includingtheRumpkeLandfillinOhio（Eidetal.,2000）,DonaJuannaLandfillinColombia（Hendronetal.,1999）,PayatasLandfillinPhilippines（KavazanjianandMerry,2005）,andJavalandfillinIndonesia（Koelsch

etal.,2005）.Thesefailureshadsignificanteconomicconsequencesandinsomecasesresultedinthelossofhumanlife.AnimprovedunderstandingoftheshearresponseofMSWisrequiredtosupportsoundstabilityevaluationsoflandfills.

WiththeaimofprovidinginsightsregardingthemechanicalresponseofMSW,acollaborativeresearchprogramthatinvolvedtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,ArizonaStateUniversity,GeosyntecConsultants,UniversityofPatras（Greece）,andtheUniversityofTexasatAustinwasundertaken.OneofitsprimaryobjectiveswastoevaluatethestaticanddynamicpropertiesofMSWbysystematicallycharacterizingandtestingMSWinthefieldandlaboratory.FindingsofthecollaborativeinvestigationaresummarizedinZekkosetal.（2008a）.RecommendationsforestimatingtheunitweightofMSW（Zekkosetal.,2006）andthedynamicpropertiesofMSW（Zekkosetal.,2008a）havebeenpresentedelsewhere.AnoverallassessmentoftheshearstrengthofMSWusing.

2.Literaturereview

ThestrengthenveloperecommendedbyKavazanjianetal.（1995）isoftenusedinengineeringpracticetocharacterizetheshearstrengthofMSW.Thisbilinearstrengthenvelopeconsistsofapurelycohesivematerialwithcohesion（c）of24kPafornormalstressesupto30kPaandapurelyfrictionalmaterialwithafrictionangle（/）of33_athighernormalstresses.TheenvelopewasintendedtobeaconservativeestimateoftheshearstrengthofMSW;

itwasbasedonalimitednumberoflaboratoryandfieldtestsandtheback-calculationofstablewasteslopes.Morerecently,Eidetal.（2000）reliedonalargerdatabaseoflaboratorydataandback-calculationsofthreeunstableslopesindevelopingalinearshearstrengthenvelopethatwascharacterizedonaveragebyc=25kPaand/=35_.Zekkos（2005）performedanextensivereviewoftheliteratureandidentifiedsignificantdifferencesintheMSWshearstrengthparametersproposedbyotherresearchers.Mohr–Coulombstrengthparameterswithcohesionsvaryingfrom0to80kPaandfrictionanglesvaryingfrom0_to60_havebeenproposedbyseveraldifferentresearchers（Fig.1）.Theselectedvalueofthecohesionandfrictionangleusedinconductingandfillanalysesisobviouslycritical.

3.Characterizationofthewastetestedinthisstudy

Twolarge-diameter（760mm）boringswereaugeredtodepthsof10mand32musingabucketaugerattheTri-Citieslandfill,locatedintheSanFranciscoBayareainnorthCalifornia.Bulkwastesamplesfromsmallandlargedepths,varyinginagefrom0to15yearsold,wereretrievedandstoredseparatelyin39sealed55-gallondrumsofbulkwastematerial.Excessivegrindingofthewasteparticleswasnotobserved,sothecollectedwastematerialsareassumedtobeunprocessed.Twotofourdrumsofwastewerecollectedateach3msamplinginterval.TheinsituunitweightofwastewasmeasuredusingtheproceduresdescribedinZekkosetal.（2006）.Itsunitweightincreasedfrom10kN/m3nearthesurfaceto16kN/m3atgreaterdepths.WastematerialwastransportedtotheRichmondFieldStationoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,whereitwascharacterized.Wastecharacterizationincludedseparatingthewastematerialintomateriallargerandsmallerthan20mm.Thissegregationisconsidereduseful,becausematerial<

20mmiscomposedofsoil-likematerialthatisderivedprimarilyfromdailycover,othersoilmaterials,andsomefinewasteinclusions,whereasmaterial>

20mmgenerallyconsistsofbulkandfibrouswastematerials.Additionally,material<

20mmcanbecharacterizedusingconventionalsoilmechanicsindextests,suchassieveanalysesandAtterberglimits,anditcanbetestedusinggeotechnicaltestingequipment.

Wastesamplesthatwerecollectedaspartofthisstudyformthreegeneralclasses.ClassAisrelatively‘‘deepoldwaste”andincludedsamplegroupsA1–A4.ClassBis‘‘deepoldwastewithfibrous<

20mmmaterial”andincludedsamplegroupB1.ClassCis‘‘shallowfreshwaste”andincludedsamplegroupsC1–C6.ClassesAandBwastewereplacedin1987;

whereasClassCwastewasplacedafter1999.Thepercentagebyweightofthe<

20mmmaterialandtheamountofplastic,paper,wood,gravelandotherconstituentsofthe>

20mmmaterialweremeasuredforatotalof6wastesamplegroups.Themassoftheprocessedsamplesvariedfrom60to320kg.About50–75%ofthetotalwastesamplebyweightwas<

20mmmaterial,andthe>

20mmmaterialconsistedprimarilyofpaper,plastic,wood,andgravel.Otherconstituentssuchasmetals,glass,stiffplastics,andtextiles,comprisedasignificantlylowerpercentageofthematerialbyweightandbyvolume.DetailsofthefieldinvestigationandwastecharacterizationareprovidedinZekkos（2005）.

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