tpo26阅读文本及答案.docx

tpo26阅读文本及答案.docx

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tpo26阅读文本及答案

tpo26阅读文本及答案

TPO26:

EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution

Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoa1varietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain'smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheMconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke（substanceleftaftercoalisheated）assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe

1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.

Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnimplications.Improvementsconstructionandsailinghadshippingheavyfreightoverexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinjminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacomplete2transformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayJjconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.

PARAGRAPH1

Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.

1、Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat"GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal"?

A.TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcenturyf

B.Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesineighteenth-centuryBritain

C.ToindicatethatBritain'senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel

D.Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century

2、Whatwas"theproblemofenergy"thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?

A.Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.

B.Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.

C.Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.

D.Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.

PARAGRAPH2

Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoa1varietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain'smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheMconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.

3、WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt'ssteamengine?

A.TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain

B.Increasedmechanization

C.Morepossibilitiesformilllocation

D.Smallermills

4、Thephrase"apparentin"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.clearlyseenin

B.aidin

C.associatedwith

D.followedBy

5、Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain'smostimportantexportby1850?

A.Rawcotton

B.Cottoncloth

C.Steam-poweredpumps

D.Coal

6、Theword"consequent"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.Resulting

B.Encouraging

C.welldocumented

D.immediate7、Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?

A.Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.

B.ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.

C.ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.

D.ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedigreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.

PARAGRAPH3

Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke（substanceleftaftercoalisheated）assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.

8、Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?

A.Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.

B.Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.

C.Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.

D.Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoali