技术创新面临的障碍外文文献翻译.docx

技术创新面临的障碍外文文献翻译.docx

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技术创新面临的障碍外文文献翻译

技术创新面临的障碍外文翻译2019-2020

英文

Barrierstotheinternationaldiffusionoftechnologicalinnovations

SanjeshKumar，BaljeetSingh

Abstract

Thispaperexaminestheroleofdiffusionbarriersinexplainingdifferencesintechnologicalinnovationacrosscountriesthroughanindexofeconomiccomplexity.Thebarriersarecapturedbygenealogicaldistancefromtheworld’stechnologyfrontier.Wehypothesizethatgreaterthegeneticdistancebetweenacountry’spopulationandthetechnologyinnovatorthelowerwillbelevelsoftechnologicalinnovations.Utilizingdatafor100countries,ourempiricalestimatesoffersolidsupportforthenegativeinfluenceofgeneticdistancefromtheglobalfrontieroninnovation.Anumberofsensitivitychecksalsoconfirmthatourfindingsarerobust.Overall,theevidencelendsstrongsupporttothebarrierseffectofgeneticdistancefromthefrontierwherebyitpreventsthediffusionofproductivityenhancinginnovationsacrosscountriesbyaffectingthecountry’scapabilitytoimitateandadoptfrontierinnovationsandtechnologies.

Keywords：

Geneticdistance，Innovation，Economiccomplexity

Introduction

Thispaperseekstobringforthempiricalevidencetohighlightthesignificanceofbarriersthatholdbacktechnologicalinnovationsfromspreadingacrosscountries.Inparticular,itfocusesonhumanbarrierswhicharemeasuredusinggeneticdistancebetweenalaggardcountryandtheglobaltechnologyfrontier.Tothisend,thestudyanalysestheinfluencethatgeneticdistancehasoncountryspecificeconomiccomplexityindex（ECI）.Following SweetandEterovicMaggio（2015）,weusedECIasproxyofinnovationbecauseanimprovementinECIimpliesthatacountryisimprovingitsproductioncapacityaswellascreatinginnovationthatisessentialforitsprosperity（Hausmannet al.,2013）.Moreimportantly,innovationisanaccumulativeprocess,whichisobtainedbyaccumulationofboth“tacit”and“explicit”knowledge;usingpatentasanindicatorofinnovationreflectsonlythe“explicit”componentofinnovativeactivities（Nelson,2005; SweetandEterovicMaggio,2015）.Onthecontrary,geneticlinkspromotesprogressiveaccumulationof“tacit”knowledgethroughaseriesofsocialrelationshipsandnetworks.Hence,theimpactofgeneticdistanceoninnovationcouldbemoreeffectivelycapturedthroughECIasameasureoftechnologicalprogresscomparedtoanyotherindicator.

Technologicalinnovationisessentialforsupportingeconomicgrowthanddevelopment（Romer,1986; Lucas,1988）.Recently,anumberofstudieshavetriedtoexplorethedeterminantsofinnovationindevelopedaswellasdevelopingcountries（AghionandHowitt,1998; Gulogluet al.,2012; AngandKumar,2014; Chenet al.,2018; Zhouet al.,2019）.Someofthesestudiessuggestthatfactorssuchasorganizationalabilityofafirm,resourcesavailableforresearchpurposeandspilloveracrossbusinessentitiesandnationsaswellasqualityofinstitutionsarecrucialforinnovation.Whileotherstudiesarguethatfactorssuchasinterestrates,foreigncapital,anddomesticincomeareimportantdeterminantofinnovation.Despitetheextensiveliterature,thereislackofconsensusonwhatlimitsthediffusionandadaptationofproductivity-improvingtechnologiesacrossdifferentsocieties.

Morerecently,astreamofresearchersoninnovation,suchas Lundvall（1988） and Alvarezet al.（2013） arguethatcreativeandinnovativelearningtakesplacethroughinteractiveactivities.Studiessuchas JovanovicandRob（1989）, Ang（2018） and Azis（2019） attributeformulationofnewinnovationtointeractionbetweenagentswithdiversepriorknowledge. CattaniandFerriani（2008） and BueraandOberfield（2016）arguethatsocialnetworksshapeanindividual’sabilitytogeneratecreativeoutcomes. Mejia（2018） usingacasestudyofColombiademonstratesthatindividualsthathavebettercapacitytoengagewithdifferentcomponentsofsocialwebhavebetterchancesofemergingasindustrialentrepreneursintheinitialstageofindustrialization.Likewise, Dudley（2012） findssimilarevidencefortheBritishindustries.However,aseriesofliteratureidentifygeneticlinkasanimportantfactorinformulationofasocialnetworkamongindividuals.Accordingtotheinclusivefitnesstheory（Hamilton,1964）,peoplearegenerallyabletodetectthosewhohavesimilartraitsasthemselvesandprefertointeractwiththosethatresemblethemselves.Individualsandsocietiesprefertoformsocialnetworksandtheyarewillingtocooperatewithotherpeopleorgroupsthatsharesimilargenetics.Thisliteraturehighlightsthatgeneticsandaseriesofsocialrelationshipsarehighlyrelated.

Moreover,thereisampleevidencetoshowthatsomecountriesshareclosegeneticlinkswhilethereissignificantgeneticdistancesamongothercountries.Inlinewithinclusivefitnesstheory,countriesthatsharesimilargeneticlinkswithfrontiercountrieswillmostprobablyhavehighlevelsofsocialinteractionandcollaborationwithfrontiercountrieswhichislikelytotransferinnovationmoreeasilytolaggardcountries.Moreover,geneticallylinkedcountriesareexpectedtocooperatemorebecauseofsimilarlanguage,comparablecommercialoperation,commoneconomicandsocialinterest（ChaudhryandIkram,2015）.Incontrast,populationswhichareverydifferentgeneticallyfromeachotherinclinetodifferinmanyoftheseattributes,whichcanpotentiallyholdbackthefreeflowoftechnologyandknowledgebecauseitimposescostsonadaptationandimitation.Moreover,alaggardcountrywhichisnotgeneticallyclosetoafrontiercountryislikelytoreceivelesssocialinteractionandcooperationfromfirmsandcitizensofafrontiercountry,andhencetheiroverallinnovationwillbeless.Generally,therecanbealackoftrustbetweenfirmsandcitizensoffrontiercountryandlaggardcountrywhosecitizensdonotsharesimilarculturalandgenetictraits.

Usingtheinsightfromtheaboveliterature,wehypothesizethatdissimilaritiesinthesegeneticattributesbetweensocietieslimitthesharingandcommunicationofnewideas.Limitedflowofideaslowerstheprospectsforlearning,copyingandembracingnewtechnology,therebyservingasanobstacletothedisseminationoftechnologyfromthefrontiertolaggardcountries.Contrarily,countriesthatsharesimilargeneticcharacteristicswiththetechnologyleadercanfacilitatethedisseminationofknowledgemoreeffectivelyasthereismoresignificantinteractionbetweengeneticallysimilarcountriesduetocommonethnicandculturalcharacteristics,languages,beliefsandpractices.Effectivesocialinteractionbetweenfrontierandlaggardcountriesfacilitategreaterflowofideasandinnovationfromthefrontiercountrywhichincreasesproductinnovationinthelaggardcountry.

Usingdataontheindexofeconomiccomplexityfrom2000to2015for100countries,wefindgeneticdistancefromthetechnologicalfrontier（thatis,USA）exertsasignificantnegativeinfluenceoninnovationsacrosscountries.Ourresultsholdevenaftercontrollingformanyothervariableswhicharefoundinfluentialintheliteratureoninnovation.Moreover,additionalanalysisusingcross-countrypaneldatafurtherconfirmtheconsistencyoftheevidenceprovided.Ingeneral,ourresultslendstrongsupporttothenotionthatthediffusionbarriereffectofgeneticdistancefromthefrontierreducesinnovation.

Literaturereview

Geneticdistanceandtechnologicalinnovation

Agrowingnumberofstudiesinvestigatetheunderlyingdriversoftechnologicalinnovation.Theinitialstudiessuggestthatincreasinginvestmentinnewtechnologyisvitaltoensurecontinuousimprovementincountry’stechnologicaladvancement（Schumpeter,1942; Abramovitz,1956; Solow,1956; Romer,1990; Jones,2002; RathandHermawan,2019）.Fewstudieshaverecentlyexaminedthecapacityofnationstocreateandmarketaseriesofnewinnovationovertheyears（e.g., Wuet al.,2017; Furmanet al.,2002; FurmanandHayes,2004; HuandMathews,2005）.Theinsightfromthisstrandofliteratureisthatinadditiontofinancialandhumanresourcesinvestedininnovation,factorssuchasinnovativeenvironmentinacountry’sindustrialsector,thelinkagebetweencommoninnovativeinfrastructureandstrengthofrelationshipsbetweenanation’sindustrialsectorareessentialforimprovingacountry’screativityandtechnologicaladvances（PorterandStern,2002; FurmanandHayes,2004）.

Ontheotherhand,scholarssuchas Lundvall（1988） and SweetandEterovic（2019）highlightthatinnovationpartlytakesplacethroughthetacitlearningprocess.Thesestudiesfurtheremphasizethatcollaboration,aseriesofsocialrelationshipsandsocialnetworksareessentialdriversofthetacitlearningprocess. CattaniandFerriani（2008） arguethatsocialnetworksshapeindividualsabilitytogeneratecreativeoutcomes.However,thereisconclusiveevidenceintheliteraturethatgeneticlinkisacriticaldeterminantofthestrengthofsocialrelationshipsbetweenindividuals.AccordingtoKin-selectiontheory,animalsimprovetheirwellbeingmorebycooperatingwiththeirrelationsthantonon-relations. Hamilton（1964） inananimalstudyshowsthatindividualanimalsidentifycloserelationsthroughanumberofchannelssuchasfamiliarityandimprintingselfonothers. Hamilton（1975） extendedhisstudytohumansanddeducedthatlevelofcooperationbetweenpersonsistoalargeextentdeterminedbygeneticrelatedness.Hamilton’stheoryisgenerallyknownas“inclusive-fitnesstheory.”Morerecently,somestudiesappliedinclusive-fitnesstheorytohumanstudiesandbroadlyfindconclusiveevidencethatindividualsmaximizetheirinclusivefitnessbyengagingwiththosethathavesim