英语国家概况复习笔记Word下载.doc

英语国家概况复习笔记Word下载.doc

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大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.

3.TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands—GreatBritain（thelargerone）andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.

不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.

4.ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:

England,ScotlandandWales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:

英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.

①EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.

②ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones（theHighlandsinthenorth;

theCentrallowlands;

thesouthUplands）Capital:

Edinburgh.苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：

北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：

爱丁堡.

③WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:

Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：

加的夫

④NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:

Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：

贝尔法斯特

5.TheCommonwealth（ofnations）isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingagreements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.

Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation（5000BC-1066）英国的起源

1.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCeltsAtabout700BCtheCeltsbegantoarriveinBritainandkeptcominguntilthearrivaloftheRomans.TheymaycomeoriginallyfromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部.Theycameinthreemainwaves:

theGaels~about600BC;

theBrythons~about400BC;

theBelgae~about150BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:

第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;

第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;

第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人.TheCeltictribesaretheancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础.TheCelts’religionwasDruidism.凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教.TheBelgaewerethemostindustriousandvigorousoftheCeltictribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的.TheCeltswerepractisedfarmers.凯尔特人是有经验的农民.

2.BasisofmodernEnglishrace:

theAnglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:

盎格鲁—萨克逊（446-871）Inthemid-5thcenturyJutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland（nowsouthernDenmark）,cametoBritainfirst.ThentheSaxonscame.TheycamefromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdomsinEssex,SussexandWessex.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngleswhoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;

接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;

六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.

Heptarchy:

DuringtheAnglo-Saxon’stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameforHeptarchy.在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:

肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.

TheAnglo-Saxontribeswereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分

TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.

AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonswereferociouspeople,theylaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theydividedthecountryintoshires;

Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystemwhichcontinuedtothe18thcentury;

Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem.Finally,theycreatedtheWitan（council/meetingofwisemen）toadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;

其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;

他们还建立了采邑制;

最后他们还创立了议会（贤人会议）,向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院的基础.

3.TheVikingandDanishinvasionsTheNorwegianVikingsandtheDanesattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland—theDanelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区.AfterAlfred’sdeath,hissuccessorsreconqueredtheDanelaw.KingEthelredtheUnreadytriedpayingtheinvaderstostayaway.ButtheDanesdidn’tgoawaybutinvadeagain.亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."

未准备好者"

埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯.AfterEthelred’sdeath,Canute,theDanishleaderwasmadeEnglishkingin1016.Heprovedtobeawiseruler.Afterhisdeathin1035,hissonsHaroldandHardicanutereignedsuccessively.AfterHardicanute’sdeaththesuccessionpassedtothesuccessorEdwardtheConfessor.埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"

忏悔者"

爱德华.

4.KingAlfredandhiscontributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献（849-899）①AlfredwasthekingofWessexanddefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;

②Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;

③HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;

④HeissaidtohavetaughthimselfLatinandtranslatedaLatinbookintoEnglish据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤Heencouragedlearninginothers,establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.Allthisearnshimthetitle“AlfredtheGreat”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.

5.TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences诺曼征服及其影响（1066）ItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,WilliamdefeatedHaroldinthebattleofHastings.OnChristmasDayWilliamwascrownedkingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey.据说爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王.TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.TheNormanConquestendedtheEnglishhistoryofbeinginvaded,thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andcivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:

扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;

文明和商业都得到发展;

引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.

Chapter3TheShapingoftheNation英国的形成（公元1066-1381）

1.England'

sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;

②Inthissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;

③WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’sproduce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;

④Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebeltheking贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;

⑤Thebaronsparceledouthislandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;

⑥Atthebottomofthefeudalscalewerethevilleinsorserfs在封建等级底层的是农奴;

⑦OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.

WilliamreplacedtheWitanwiththeGrandCouncil.威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议.Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessions,WilliamsenthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBook,whichwascompletedin1086.为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为«

末日审判书»

2.ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter«

大宪章»

的内容及意义AlsoknownastheMagnaCarta,GreatCharterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215underthepressofthebarons.«

是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的.Itconsistsof63clauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows«

共有63条:

①notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil没有大议会批准不得征税;

②nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;

③theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;

④Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirancientrightsandprivileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;

⑤thereshouldbethesameweightandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry全国应统一度量衡.AlthoughtheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthemwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.尽管长期普遍认为«

是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.«

的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.

3.TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament英国议会的起源In1258,thebarons,underSimondeMontfort,forcedHenryⅢandhissonPrinceEdwardtosweartoaccepttheProvisionsofOxford.Later,HenryrefusedtoconfirmtotheProvisionsofOxford,thusacivilwarbrakeoutbetween