项目管理论文中英文资料对照外文翻译Word格式.docx
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从策略运用的条件上看,承包商在不影响中标的前提下,利用建设工程的不确定性,埋下伏笔,以期结算时获得额外的利润回报。
因此,建设工程的不确定性是运用策略的前提条件,如果建设工程设计图纸清楚、工程量计算准确,几乎没有变更、增加工程等,那么“伏笔”也就无从入手,策略的运用受到限制。
虽然在工程开始前,要做到这么尽善尽美,很难实现,但审计应在这方面发挥作用,督促或监督业主尽可能做到,防止个别工程管理者,利用工程的不确定性,搞腐败活动,侵吞国家财产。
定性分析方法,就是运用决策人员的逻辑思维和推理判断能力去进行报价决策的一种方法。
决策的前提是企业要广泛收集,系统积累大量的信息.企业只有在占有大量信息的情况下,知己知彼,不失时机地周密研究出既能降低报价,易于中标,又能使企业减少利润损失的报价方案。
根据对一些企业投标情况的调查、研究,报价策略有以下几个方面:
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1.1发挥优势降低成本以优取胜
一个企业的优势是多方面的,如职工素质高,技术装备先进,施工技术先进,材料周转灵活,管理机构精干,办事效率高等。
企业在报价时,可结合实际情况,把自己的优势转化为较低报价,例如职工素质高,则劳动效率高,人工费就可降低等。
从而有效地降低工程成本,提高了竞争获胜的概率和减少了利润的损失。
高报价策略。
根据招标项目的特点,承包商在以情况下常采用高报价的策略。
(1)施工条件差的工程;
(2)专业技术要求高,而该公司在这方面又有专长、声望也较高的工程;
(3)特殊的工程,如:
地下开挖无忧论文网工程、桥梁工程;
(4)工期要求急的工程;
(5)投标对手少的工程;
(6)支付条件不理想的工程等。
这些工程采用高报的策略,有的是可以理解的,但存在把握适度的问题,有的则是业主应该避免和控制的。
不平衡报价策略。
这一方法是指一个工程项目总价基本确定后,通过调整内部各个项目的报价,以期在不提高总报价,不影响中标,在结算时取得最理想的经济效益。
以下几个方面常用不平衡报价法。
⑴预计今后工程量会增加的项目,单价适当提高;
预计工程量可能减少的项目,单价适当降低,工程结算时
增加工程量可获得额外收益无忧论文网或减少工程量时减少损失。
⑵设计图纸不明确、
不齐全,估计修改补充后工程量要增加的工程,提高单价投标;
而工程内容解释不清楚的则适当降低一些单价,等澄清后可再要求提价。
⑶暂定项目或选择项目的报价,如果工程不分标,不会由另一家承包商施工,其中肯定要做的,提高单价投标,而不一定做的则降低单价投标。
计日工单价的报价策略。
承包商为了在业主额外用工或使用施工机械时多获利,对于单纯报计日工单价,而且不计入总价中,采用高报的策略。
可供选择项目的报价策略。
有些工程项目,业主要求按某一方案报价,而后再提供几种可供选择方案的报价。
选择方案一般不进入无忧总投标价,不影响中标,对于将来可能被选择使用的方案,提高其报价投标,一旦业主选用,即可得到额外的加价利益。
1.2靠改进设计、缩短工期取胜
投标单位在研究招标文件、进行现场调查的过程中,如发现设计不合理,有可改进之处或可以利用某项新技术使造价降低或可使工期缩短,达到早投产时,在报价时就可明确提出,如工期提前或采用新方案,造价可降低多少,可收到什么样经济效益。
这种办法对招标单位具有极大吸引力,能起到出奇制胜之效果。
1.3薄利保本低价中标
国际上流行的获胜概率理论表明:
利率越低,中标的可能性就越大。
在承包工程的激烈竞争中,企业只有贯彻薄利方针,才能争取投标获胜。
故企业投标时除非特殊情况,如边远地区;
技术要求高,非我莫属的工程;
工程难度大的项目;
或竞争中处于绝对优势的情况外,企业不要轻易投“高标”。
尤其当企业承包任务不足时,与其坐吃山空。
不如以低利承包到一些工程,然后加强管理,降低成本,充分利用生产能力,减少窝工,提高企业的经济效益。
1.4报价虽低却着眼于发展
施工企业试图打入一个工程任务多的新区,或者出于对该项目后续工程的考虑,以利将来的发展,往往采用低价策略,有时报价甚至低于成本。
这样以前期工程的“少失”,便可在后期工程的“多得”中得到充分补偿。
外文文献原文
(1)
1biddingstrategiesforqualitativeanalysis
Appropriatequotationisthekeythatwinthebid,bidistoohigh,nodoubtwilllosecompetitivenessandmissingthetarget,quotetoolowmaynotwinthebid,eventhoughinthestandardwillsuffertheloss,onlythequotationisonlymoderatelysuccessfulfoundation.Howtodeterminealowandmoderatepricedependingonthedecision-makingexperience,knowledgeandability.
Bidquotestrategyasabidtowinthewaysandmeans,andevenart,throughoutthebidcompetition,althougheachcontractorindifferentways,butfromtheangleofauditsupervision,hasitsowncharacteristics.Fromtheuseofstrategyanalysis,regardlessofusethatstrategy,nomorethanisthefirstsuccessfulbidtogainextraprofit,followedbycreatingconditions,lastinordertoobtainmaximumprofitsforitsultimatepurpose.Objectivetoknowthedirectionofauditsupervision,alsowasmadeclear.Fromthetimepointofview,theuseofstrategyoccurveryearly,evenearlyinthecontractbeforeithasimplemented.Fromthestrategywhethersuccessfulimplementation,althoughstrategyearlyinthebidwhenithasbeenused,butwhethersuccessful,achieveoptimaleconomicbenefits,butalsointhesubsequentconstructionprocessgradually,therefore,iftheconstructionofthesisnetworry-freeprocessgoodclose,alsocanpreventthepartofpolicyimplementation.Fromthestrategyuseconditions,theContractordoesnotaffectthesuccessfulpremise,use
constructionprojectuncertainty,foreshadowing,withaviewtogainingextraprofit.Therefore,constructionoftheuncertaintyisstrategycondition,iftheconstructiondesigndrawings,engineeringquantitycalculateaccurateclear,almostnochange,increasetheproject,then"
foreshadowing"
willnotproceedwith,theuseofstrategylimited.Althoughbeforetheworkstarted,todosoreachtheacmeofperfection,isverydifficulttoachieve,buttheauditshould
playaroleinthatrespect,urgeorsupervisionoftheownersaspossible,preventindividualprojectmanagement,theprojectuncertainty,engageincorruption,embezzlementofstateproperty.
Thequalitativeanalysismethod,istheuseofdecisionmakersinlogicalthinkingandreasoningabilitytomakebiddingdecisionmethod.Decision-makingonthepremisethattheenterpriseshouldwidelycollected,systemaccumulatealargeamountofinformation.Theenterpriseisonlyinpossessionoflargeamountsofinformation,knowyourselfaswellastheenemy,seizetheopportunemomenttothoroughresearchcanreducetheprice,easytowinthebid,alsocancausetheenterprisetoreducethelossofprofitpricingscheme.Accordingtothesurveyofsomeenterprisesbidding,biddingstrategyresearch,hasthefollowingseveral
aspects:
1.1playtheadvantagesoflowercosttogiftedvictory
Abusinessadvantageinmanyaspects,suchashighqualityemployees,advancedtechnologyandequipment,advancedconstructiontechnology,materialsturnoverflexiblemanagementmechanism,keen-wittedandcapable,highefficiency.Enterprisesinthequotation,canbecombinedwiththeactualsituation,puttheirownadvantagesintothelowerprice,forexample,employeeshighquality,highefficiency,labor,laborcostscanbereduced.Inordertoeffectivelyreducetheprojectcost,raisethecompetitionwinningprobabilityandreducethelossofprofit.Highpricestrategy.Accordingtothecharacteristicsofprojectofinvitepublicbidding,thecontractorincaseoftenusesthehighpricequotationstrategy.
(1)thepoorconditionsoftheconstructionproject;
(2)technicalrequirementishigh,andthecompanyinthisrespectandexpertise,prestigeishigherengineering;
(3)specialprojects,suchas:
undergroundexcavationworrythesisnetworkengineering,bridgeengineering;
(4)theperiodrequiredurgentproject(5;
biddingrival)lessengineering;
(6)paymentconditionsarenotidealengineering.Theseworkswithhighreportedstrategy,someisunderstandable,butholdmoderateproblem,someistheownershouldavoidandcontrol.Unbalancedquotationstrategies.Thismethodreferstoaprojecttodeterminethebasicprice,byadjustingtheinternalprojectquotation,inordernottoimprovetotalprice,doesnotaffectthebid,inthesettlement,obtainthebesteconomicbenefits.Thefollowingcommonunbalancedquotation.
Theexpectedfutureengineeringquantitywillincreaseproject,priceincreaseisexpectedvolumemaybereduced;
engineeringproject,costreducing,engineeringsettlementincreasedquantitiesmayobtainextraincomeworrythesisnetworkorreducetheengineeringquantityreducetheloss.Thedesigndrawingsarenotclear,isnotcomplete,estimatedbythemodificationofengineeringquantitytoincreaseaftertheproject,increasetheunitpricebidding;
andthecontentsoftheprojectcannotexplainitappropriatetoreducesomeprice,etc.canaskpriceafterclarification.Theprovisionalitemorselectprojectquotedprice,iftheworksarenotstandard,notbyanothercontractorconstruction,whichmustbedone,increasetheunitpricebidding,anddonotnecessarilydoisreducethepricebidding.Dayworkpricequotationstrategy.Contractortoownerinextralaborortheuseofconstructionmachineryandmoreprofitable,forsimplenewspaperdayworkunitprice,butnotincludedintheprice,usinghighquotestrategy.Optionsforprojectbiddingstrategy.Someproject,ownerasksaccordingtoaproposal,thenprovidesseveraloptionsforquotation.Optionsdonotentertheworry-freetotalbidprice,doesnotaffectthesuccessful,forthefuturemightbeselectedusingthescheme,raiseitsbid,oncetheownerschoose,cangetextraincreaseinterest.
1.2bytheimproveddesign,shortentimelimitforaproject.
Tenderunitsinthestudythetenderdocuments,on-siteinvestigationprocess,suchasthediscoveryofunreasonabledesign,withimprovementsorcanuseanewtechnologysothatthecostorcanshortenconstructionperiod,achieveearlyproduction,inabidtoputforwardclearly,suchasaheadofscheduleortheintroductionofnewprograms,thecostofmanufacturecanbereducedhowmany,canreceivewhatkindofeconomicbenefits.This
approachhasagreatattractionforunitofinvitepublicbidding,canplayabettereffect.
1.3smallprofitsbreak-evenpricebidding
Internationalfashionwinningprobabilitytheorysuggeststhat:
thelowertheinterestrate,themorethepossibilityof.Inprojectcontractinginthefiercecompetition,enterprisesonlycarryoutsmallpolicy,inordertowinbidwins.Thereforetheenterprisesbiddingunlessspecialcircumstances,suchasremoteareas;
hightechnicalrequirements,mineengineering;
engineeringanddifficultprojects;
orcompetitionintheabsolutesuperiorityofthe
circumstances,enterprisesdonoteasilycast"
highmark"
.Especiallywhentheenterprisecontractthetaskisinsufficient,andtherest.Astothelowprofittocontractprojects,andstrengthenmanagement,reducecost,makefulluseofproductioncapacity,reducetheidling
ofthelabourforce,raisetheeconomicbenefitsoftheenterprise.
1.4pricewaslowbutfocusonthedevelopmentof
Constructionenterprisesaretryingtobreakintoanengineeringtaskmucharea,orfortheprojectofthefollow-upprojecttoconsider,forthebenefitoffuturedevelopment,oftenusinglow-coststrategy,sometimesevenlowerthancostprice.Inthispreliminaryengineering"
less
loss"
willbeonthelaterstageoftheprojectof"
more"
infullcompensat