英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析包含MINILECTURE22页精选文档.docx

英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析包含MINILECTURE22页精选文档.docx

《英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析包含MINILECTURE22页精选文档.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析包含MINILECTURE22页精选文档.docx（27页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

英语专业八级真题完整答案及详细解析包含MINILECTURE22页精选文档

TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS（2019）

“教书先生”恐怕是市井百姓最为熟悉的一种称呼，从最初的门馆、私塾到晚清的学堂，“教书先生”那一行当怎么说也算是让国人景仰甚或敬畏的一种社会职业。

只是更早的“先生”概念并非源于教书，最初出现的“先生”一词也并非有传授知识那般的含义。

《孟子》中的“先生何为出此言也？

”；《论语》中的“有酒食，先生馔”；《国策》中的“先生坐，何至于此？

”等等，均指“先生”为父兄或有学问、有德行的长辈。

其实《国策》中本身就有“先生长者，有德之称”的说法。

可见“先生”之原意非真正的“教师”之意，倒是与当今“先生”的称呼更接近。

看来，“先生”之本源含义在于礼貌和尊称，并非具学问者的专称。

称“老师”为“先生”的记载，首见于《礼记?

曲礼》，有“从于先生，不越礼而与人言”，其中之“先生”意为“年长、资深之传授知识者”，与教师、老师之意基本一致。

GRADEEIGHTTIMELIMIT:

195MIN

家庭是幼儿语言活动的重要环境，为了与家长配合做好幼儿阅读训练工作，孩子一入园就召开家长会，给家长提出早期抓好幼儿阅读的要求。

我把幼儿在园里的阅读活动及阅读情况及时传递给家长，要求孩子回家向家长朗诵儿歌，表演故事。

我和家长共同配合，一道训练，幼儿的阅读能力提高很快。

PARTILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION

死记硬背是一种传统的教学方式,在我国有悠久的历史。

但随着素质教育的开展,死记硬背被作为一种僵化的、阻碍学生能力发展的教学方式,渐渐为人们所摒弃;而另一方面,老师们又为提高学生的语文素养煞费苦心。

其实,只要应用得当,“死记硬背”与提高学生素质并不矛盾。

相反,它恰是提高学生语文水平的重要前提和基础。

SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE

Inthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanothertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE.SomeofthegapsmayrequireamaximumofTHREEwords.Makesuretheword（s）youfillinis（are）bothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyacceptable.Youmayrefertoyournoteswhilecompletingthetask.Usetheblanksheetfornote-taking.

Now,listentothemini-lecture.

ClassificationsofCultures

AccordingtoEdwardHall,differentculturesresultindifferentideasabouttheworld.Hallisananthropologist.Heisinterestedinrelationsbetweencultures.

I.High-contextculture

A.feature

-context:

moreimportantthanthemessage

-meaning:

（1）__________

i.e.moreattentionpaidto

（2）___________thantothemessageitself

B.examples

-personalspace

-preferencefor（3）__________

-lessrespectforprivacy/personalspace

-attentionto（4）___________

-conceptoftime

-beliefin（5）____________interpretationoftime

-noconcernforpunctuality

-nocontrolovertime

II.Low-contextculture

A.feature

-message:

separatefromcontext

-meaning:

（6）___________

B.examples

-personalspace

-desire/respectforindividuality/privacy

-lessattentiontobodylanguage

-moreconcernfor（7）___________

-attitudetowardtime

-conceptoftime:

（8）____________

-dislikeof（9）_____________

-timeseenascommodity

III.Conclusion

Awarenessofdifferentculturalassumptions

-relevanceinworkandlife

e.g.business,negotiation,etc.

-（10）_____________insuccessfulcommunication

参考答案：

（1）contextofmessage

（2）what'shappening/thecontext

（3）closenesstopeople

（4）bodylanguage

（5）poly-chronic

（6）messageitself

（7）themessage

（8）mono-chronic

（9）lateness

（10）greatinfluence/significance

TIPS：

（1）根据原文中一句“Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oraneventcarriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.”可知答案。

（2）根据原文“Whatthismeansisthatinahigh-contextculture,moreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.”可知答案。

（3）根据原文“Generallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethisgreaterdependencyongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople.”可得出答案。

（4）根据原文“Andalsopeoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguage.”可得出答案。

（5）根据原文“Peopleinhigh-contextcultures,areconsideredtohave,whatiscalledapoly-chronicattitudetowardtime.”可得出答案。

（6）根据原文“Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theeventortheactionisaseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext.”可得出答案。

（7）根据原文“Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything.”可得出答案。

（8）原文提到在low-contextculture中，人们对时间的态度可称为mono-chronic。

（9）根据原文“Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlateness,becausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.”可得出答案。

（10）根据文章末尾部分“Ifyou'reinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyou'redealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.Inanymulti-culturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.”可知，在商务活动、谈判、人际交往中，与来自不同文化的人打交道时，这些想法对成功的交际起着非常重要的作用。

script:

ClassificationsofCultures

Goodmorning,everyone!

Today,we'lllookatcultureorratherclassificationsofcultures.Usually,whenwedealwithdifferentpeople,wedealwiththemasifwewereallmembersofthesameculture.However,it'spossiblethatpeoplefromdifferentcultureshavedifferentassumptionsabouttheworld.Wegotinsuchimportantandbasicideasastime,personalspace.AndthisistheviewofEdwardHall.AndEdwardHallisananthropologistwhospentalargepartofhislifestudyingAmericanIndians,theirculture,theirlanguage.Buthewasdifferentfromalotofotheranthropologistswhojuststudyoneculture.Hewasinterestedintherelationsbetweencultures,howculturesinteract.WhatHallbelievesisthatculturescanbeclassifiedbyplacingthemonacontinuum,rangingfromwhathecalledhigh-contexttolow-context.

OK,whatisahigh-contextculture?

Ahigh-contextcultureisacultureinwhichthecontextofthemessage,ortheaction,oraneventcarriesalargepartofitsmeaningandsignificance.Whatthismeansisthatinahigh-contextculture,moreattentionispaidtowhat'shappeninginandaroundthemessagethantothemessageitself.

Now,letmegiveyouexamples.First,intermsofpersonalspace.Generallyspeaking,inahigh-contextculture,becausethisgreaterdependencyongroupthinking,peopleleantowardsheaviersenseofinvolvementorclosenesstopeople.Andtheyhavelessrespectforprivacy,forpersonalspace.Ifyougointothatculture,peoplemightstandcloserwhenthey'retalkingtoyou.Theymighttouchmore.Andifthey'rejostledinacrowd,theywon'tfeelviolated.Andalsopeoplefromahigh-contextculturepayattentiontobodylanguage.BecauserememberwhatIsaid,thedefinitionofahigh-contextcultureisthatmoreattentionispaidtothecontextofthemessagethantothemessageitself.Andpartofthecontextisbodylanguage.

Second,intermsoftime.Peopleinhigh-contextcultures,areconsideredtohave,whatiscalledapoly-chronicattitudetowardtime.Here,"poly"meansmultipleand"chronic"meanstime.Whatthismeansisthattheybelievepeople,things,eventshavetheirowntime.Andtherecan'tbeastandardsystemoftimeforeverything.Whatthisleadsthemtobelieveisthatyoucan'temphasizepunctuality.Thingshappenwhentheyaresupposedtohappen.So,there'sadifferentattitudetowardtime;there'snosetstandardoftime;youcan'tcontroltime;everythinghasitsownsenseoftime.Soit'saculturethatpayslittleattentiontotime,toclocktime.

Now,let'smoveontolow-contextculture.Alow-contextcultureisjusttheopposite.Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theeventortheactionisaseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitself,regardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontext.Thatthemessage,theevent,theactionhasmeaninginitself.Sowhatthismeansinalow-contextculture,isthatpeoplepaymoreattentiontotheeventitselfratherthantothecontextwhichsurroundstheeventorthemessage.Forexample,intermsofpersonalspaceagain,there'smoreemphasisonindividuality.Sotheconceptofprivacyisvery,veryimportant.Whereasbefore,asIsaid,inahigh-contextculture,theymightnotevenbeconcernedwithprivacyorpersonalspace.Butinalow-contextculture,there'safeelingthatweeachhaveourownpersonalspace.Ifyougettooclose,ifyoudon'tknockondoorsbeforeentering,that'saninvasionofprivacy.Peoplefeelviolated.There'sarespectandadesireforprivacy.Andyou'llalsoseethatpeoplemightpaylessattentiontobodylanguage,becauseasIsaid,themessageis,themessageiseverything.Theyarenotgoingtoworryaboutallthedetailsaroundit.Whatyousayistheimportantthing,orwhatyoudoistheimportantthing.

Anotherexampleofalow-contextcultureispeople'sattitudetowardstime.Intermsoftime,Isaidbefore,therewasapoly-chronicsenseoftimeinahigh-contextculture.Whatdoyouthinktherewouldbeinalow-contextculture?

Mono-chronic?

Right!

Amono-chronicsenseoftimeandbythatwemeanthatthere'sonetime.Andthatconceptmeansthatpeopleinalow-contextculturebelievethatthere'sonestandardoftime.Andthatshouldbeforeverything.AndsoIamnotwillingtohear"Oh,thetrafficwasheavy.That'swhyI'mlate"or"Oh,Isleptlate".Peopleinalow-contextculturewouldbemuchmoreupsetwithlateness,becausetheyfeelthateveryoneshouldfollowthesametime.Thereshouldn'tbeallthisflexibilitywithtimeandtheyexpectpunctuality.Andtheylookattimeasalmostacommoditythattheyuseexpressionslike"usetime,towastetime,tospendtimeortimeismoney".Alloftheseexpressionsreinforcetheconceptthattimeisactuallysomethingyoucanholdonto.

So,whatthisisallaboutisthat,Hallstressesthatpeopleneedtobeawareofthesedifferentassumptionsorconceptsaboutreality.Andhethinksthatthishasallkindsofrelevancenomatterwhatyou'redoing.Ifyou'reinbusiness,negotiations,interpersonalrelations,ifyou'redealingwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesinanyway,it'sgoingtoaffecteverypartofyourlife.Inanymulti-culturalsituation,theseassumptionsneedtobetakenintoaccountforsuccessfulinteractions.