国际商务英语课文电子版lesson161718合集Word格式.docx

国际商务英语课文电子版lesson161718合集Word格式.docx

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Transportationinsurance,likeallformsofinsurance,conformsto（follow遵守）certainbasicprinciples.Whenfirmsseekcover（保险）forgoodsandunitsofcarriage（运载工具）theymustfollowtheseprinciples.Therearethreemainprinciplesofinsurance,twosubsidiary（次要）principlesandadoctrine（原理）.

Insurableinterest（可保利益）holds（认为）thatnoonemayinsureanythingunlesshehasaninterestinit（有利益）,whichmeansthatifthethinginsuredispreserved（protected）hewillderiveabenefitfromitspreservation（protection）,butifitisinanywaydamagedorlosttheassuredwillbeadverselyaffected（受到不利的影响）.Youcaninsureyourowncar,forifitisdamagedyouwillhavetopayforittoberepairedandconsequently（因此）youwillsufferaloss.Youcannotinsureyourneighbor’scar,forifitisdamagedyouwillnotsufferanyloss.Forthisreasontheinsuringofanythingbypeoplewhoarenot“interested”initisheld（thought被认为）tobe“againstpublicpolicy”（违反公共政策）.Thismeansthatcrimewouldbeencouraged.

Everycontractofinsurancerequiresaninsurableinteresttosupportit,orotherwiseitisinvalid（无效的）andanyclaimmadeuponit（basedonit依据保险合同）willnotbeentertained（accept接受，受理）（bytheinsurer）.Thetimeofaneventmaybecrucialtothequestionofinsurableinterest.Theinterestpasses（转移）withthedocuments.Incargoinsuranceweknowwhohasaninterestinthecargoatanyparticularpointoftime,ifweknowthetermsofsale（priceterms/termsofpayment–FOB..）whichhavebeenarranged.Wecanworkoutwhowillsufferlossbydiscoveringatwhatpointthepropertypassesfromonepersontoanother.Thepersonwhoisgoingtosufferthelossistheonewhohastheinsurableinterestatanymoment.Thismeansthatgoodsmaybeshippedattheportoforigin（货物原产地港口）byashipperorfreightforwarder（consignor）underapolicy（保单）takenouttocoverthem,andthebuyertakesoverthepolicywhichhasbeenissuedwhenhetakesovertheownershipofthegoods.Iftheyfailtocompletethevoyage（旅程）（journey/transportation）undamaged,he（buyer）canclaimontheinsuranceeventhoughitwasnotinhisname.

Utmostgoodfaith（最在诚信原则）isaveryimportantprinciple.Thepeoplewhodecidewhatpremiumisfair公正的foraparticularcover（某一笔保险）do（决定多少保费是公平的）soonthebasisofwrittenstatementsmadeinaproposalform投保单（bytheinsured）.Ifthisstatementisuntrue,thenthepremiumagreedonwillnotbeafairone.SupposeIsaythatacrate板条箱containscopper,wheninfactitcontainsplatinum（铂金）.Thepremiumrequiredtocoverthecheapermetalwillbeanunfairpremiumforthemorevaluablecargo.Themis-statementisafraud（欺骗）,andthepolicyisvoidable（可取消的）（canbeavoided/revoked）bythepartywhoismisled（误导）（theinsurer）.Evenifthemis-statementwasunintentional（非故意的）,theunderwriterwouldstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable.

Indemnity（损失补偿原则）holdsthatacontractofinsurance（isonewhich）canonlyrestores（恢复）apersonwhosufferedalossintothesameposition（ashewasin）beforethelossoccurred.Apersonwithathird-handFordcarwillreceivesufficient（enough）compensationtobuyanotherthird-handFordcar,notenoughtobuyabrand-new（崭新的）Fordcar.Thisprinciplecannotapplytolife（寿险）orpersonalaccidentinsurance（人身意外保险）—forofcoursealife,oralimb,cannotberestored.

Inanormalpolicyofinsurancethecompensationpayable（可支付赔偿）issufficientonlytorestoretheinsuredtothepositionhewasinbeforethelossoccurred—nottoabetterposition.Cargopoliciesareoftenissuedforanagreedvalue（商定的价值）andarethereforecalled“valued”policies（有价保单）.Theideaisthatthecompensationpayablewillbeatanagreedfigure（商定的数值）,oftenatinvoicedcost（invoicevalue）plusfreight（主运费）andforwardingcharges（转运费）plustheinsurancepremiumplusanagreedpercentagesuchas10percent.（发票金额+主运费+转运运费+保费+10%）This（10%）representsaprofitthatcouldhavebeenearnedonthecapitaltiedup（被占用）inthetransaction.

Contribution（损失分摊）isasub-principle（underindemnity）whichisassociatedwithindemnity.Itholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.Todosowouldamountto（beequalto相当于）restoringtheinsuredtoabetterpositionthanhewasinwhenthelossoccurred.Itwouldbeabreach（violation违背）ofindemnity,andagainstpublicpolicy.Therefore,iftwopoliciesdocoverthesameevent,theinsurancecompaniescontributeprorata（按比例）to（分摊）theloss,andtheinsuredisonlyrestoredtotheindemnityposition（损失发生以前的状态）.Thisisunlikelytohappenveryfrequentlyincargoinsurance.

Subrogation（代位追偿）,thesub-principle,alsorelatingtoindemnity,isofenormousimportanceincargoinsurance.Theword“subrogate”means“totaketheplaceofanother”.ImagineasituationwhereAhasinsuredhiscargowithBanditisdamagedbyC’snegligence（carelessness疏忽大意）.AwillnaturallyclaimagainstB,whowillpayupforthelosssuffered.However,becauseCwasnegligent,alegalaction（法律诉讼）byAagainstCwouldalmostcertainlyleadtoanaward（agrantmadebyalawcourt判决）ofdamageagainstC（判决C承担损害责任）.Awouldthusbecompensatedtwice,andthiswouldbeabreachoftheprincipleofindemnity.Topreventthishappening,B,theinsurer,issubstitutedfor（replace替代）A,theassured,inanylegalactionagainstC.Theinsurerisentitledto（享有…权力或利益）theadvantage（interest利益）ofeveryrightoftheassured,whichwilldiminish（reduce）thelosshe（insurer）hasbeenforcedtobear.

Thedoctrineofproximatecause（近因原则）—whenaninsurancepolicyismadeouttocoveracertainrisk,aclaimbecomespayableonlyifthatriskoccurredastheproximate（closest）causeofthelosssuffered.Theproximatecauseisthedirectcauseoftheloss.

Notes:

Conformto遵守

Mostpeoplearewillingtoconformtothecustomofsociety.

大多数人都愿意遵循社会习俗。

Inwritingonehastoconformtousageaswellastotherulesofgrammar.

写作时既要遵守语法规则，又要符合习惯用法。

Beentitledto享有…的权力

WesterncountriesagreeChinaisstillentitledtospecialtreatment.

西方国家同意：

中国仍有权享受特殊待遇。

Allourguestsareentitledtoafreebreakfastaspartofyourstay.

我们的客人只要住房，就可以享用免费的早餐

Thepublicisentitledtoknowhowthegovernmentisgoingtocurbinflation.

Againstpublicpolicy违反公序良俗,公共政策

Ifacontractismadeagainstpublicpolicy,itisoftensaidtobeunconscionableandthereforeunenforceable.

如果合同的签订违反了公共政策，它经常被称为不公正的并且因此而不可执行的。

Theinsurancecompanywillnotentertain/accepttheclaimiftheriskcoveredisnottheclosestcauseoftheloss.

Lesson17TheInternationalMonetarySystemandExchangeRate

Theearliestinternationalmonetarysystemwasknownasthegoldstandardunderwhichcountriespledged（promised）tochangetheirpapercurrenciesintogoldwhenrequestedtodoso.Thegoldstandardcreatedafixedexchangeratesystemaseachcountrypegged（fix挂钩）thevalueofitscurrencytogoldtoestablishitsparvalue（平价/票面价值）（facevalue）.Formostofthe19th 

centurytilltheendoftheFirstWorldWar,majortradingcountriesfollowedthissystemandtheBritishPoundwasthemostimportantcurrencyininternationalbusinessasaresultoftheeconomic,politicalandmilitarypoweroftheUnitedKingdom,hencethetermsterling-basedgoldstandard.（poundsterling）

ThepressurecausedbytheFirstWorldWaroneconomycoupledwith（togetherwith连同）theimpactoftheGreatDepression（大萧条）putanendto（结束）thefixedexchangeratesystem.TheBankofEnglandwasnolongerabletoredeem（赎回，兑换）itspapercurrencyforgoldatparvalue（以面值）（无力将其纸币以平价兑换成黄金）andalloweditsvaluetobedeterminedbysupplyanddemand（market）.WithBritainabandoning（放弃）thegoldstandard,thereappeareddifferentareasintheworld.Somecountriespeggedtheircurrenciestothesterling（英镑）,somecountriestotheUSdollarandsometotheFrenchFranc,formingthe“sterlingarea”,“dollararea”and“francarea”.Thisperiodwitnessedthedegeneration（衰落）oftheinternationalmonetarysystemassomemajorcountriesvied（vie-compete）to（竞相）devaluatetheircurrenciestomaketheirexportgoodsmorecompetitive.（竞争性贬值）（这一时期，世界货币体系不断恶化，各主要贸易国家竞相将其货币贬值以提高他们出口物品的竞争力）Thebenefitsbroughtaboutbytheirdevaluationwere,needlesstosay（不用说）,offset（抵消）bywhattheircompetitorsdid.Internationaltradecontracted（shrink收缩）andeconomicconflictfinallyledtotheSecondWorldWar.

TowardstheendoftheSecondWorldWar（1944）representativesof44countriesgatheredatBrettonWoods（布雷顿森林）torenew（更新）thegoldstandardonagreatlymodifiedbasis（在修改较大的基础上）.Oneimportantfruitoftheconferenceisthecreation（establishment创立）oftheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment（IBRD）andtheInternationalMonetaryFund.（1944）

TheBrettonWoodsConferenceestablishedaUSdollarbasedgoldstandard.Becauseofthedominating（主导性的）economicandpoliticalinfluenceoftheUnitedStates,thedollarreplacedthesterling（英镑）asthemajorvehicle（工具）forinternationalsettlement（国际结算）.由于美国在国际经济、政治中的统治性影响，美元替代英镑成了国际结算中的主要工具。

ThoughalltheBrettonWoodsparticipants（与会国）agreedtopegtheircurrenciestogold,onlytheUnitedStatespledgedtoredeemthedollarforgoldattherequestofthecentralbankofaforeigncountry.Underthenewfixedexchangeratesystem,eachparticipantpromisedtomaintaintheparvalue（面值）ofitscurrency（与黄金的兑换价）,allowingafluctuationofonlyonepercent.

Thecountryconcernedhadtointervene（干预）ifthemarketvalue（有别于账面价值的）市场价值，销售价格ofitscurrencygoesbeyondtherange（1%）.Underspecialcircumstances,acountrywasallowedtoadjusttheparvalueofitscurrency（与黄金的兑换价）.ThustheBrettonWoodssystemissaidtobeusinganadjust