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Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递
Thedesignfeaturesmentionedinthecoursebookincludearbitrariness,productivityorcreativity,duality,displacementandculturaltransmission.
Byarbitrarinessitismeantthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguagearearbitrary,i.e.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesymbolsandwhattheystandfor.
Thefeatureofproductivitymeansthatlanguageisproductiveorcreative,i.e.itispossibleforitsuserstoconstructandunderstandanunlimitednumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
Dualityisafeatureofthestructureofthehumanlanguagesystem,whichconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereexistalimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaningless,whileatthehigherlevelthesemeaninglesssoundscanbearrangedandrearrangedinvariouswaystoformmeaningfullanguageunits,unlimitedinnumber.
Thefeatureofdisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorunreal,inthepast,present,orfuture.
Culturaltransmission,incontrasttogenetictransmission,referstothefactthathumanbabies,thoughbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,mustbetaughttouseit.
5.语言能力Competence
Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
6.语言运用performance
Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics
Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
8.共时语言学synchroniclinguistics
Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.
9.语言langue
Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
10.言语parole
Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
11.规定性Prescriptive
Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.
12.描述性Descriptive
Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
二、知识点
1.Languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.
语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
2.几种观点和现象的提出者：
⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:
Langue和parole的区别
⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomsky
in1950针对Saussure’slangue&
parole提出Competence和performance
3.theword“language”precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.
Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。
三、问答题
1.Whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?
Whatdoeseachstudy?
Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.
Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.
Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
Syntax-------it'
sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.
Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.
Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.
Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.
Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.
Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.
2.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage.
传统语法是规定性的，研究“高级”书面语。
3.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?
Why?
Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage,unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.
现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。
除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。
ChapterTwoPhonology
1.宽式音标Broadtranscription
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.
2.窄式音标Narrowtranscription
Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.
3.清音Voiceless
Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.
4.浊音Voicing
Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.
5.元音Vowel
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
6.辅音Consonants
Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.
7.音位Phoneme
Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.
8.音位变体Allophones
Differentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
9.音素phone
Aphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.It’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.
10.最小对立对Minimalpair
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
11.超切分特征Suprasegmental
Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.
12.互补分布complementarydistributionP35
Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
13.语言的语音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage
Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.
在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。
有限的声音是语音媒介。
14.爆破音stops
Whenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.
theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]
1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.
2.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.
3.Phonetics组成及研究对象详见教材
⑴Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学
⑵Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学
⑶Acousticphonetics声学语音学
4.ArticulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeech
Pharyngealcavity–咽腔
Oral...–口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhere
Nasal…–鼻腔
5.Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.
6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationof[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];
theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].
7.nasalconsonants:
[m]/[n]/[η]
8.APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.
9.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:
Fallingtone;
Risingtone;
Fall-risetone;
Rise-falltone
1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?
Byplaceofarticulationand.Bymannerofarticulation
根据发音位置，发音方式，归纳各辅音的特征。
2．Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?
Phonetics—descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirdifferences.
Phonology—descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.
3.What’saphone?
howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?
howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?
Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.
Phoneme—acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.
Allophones—actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.
4.Whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?
Whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?
为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要?
Minimalpair—twosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinonesoundelementthatoccursinthesameposition.
除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.
Minimalset—agroupofsoundcombinationswiththeabovefeature.
一组具有上述特征的语音组合.
Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.
通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位.
5.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?
Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.
Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.
ChapterThreeMorphology
1.词素Morpheme
Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
2.自由词素FreeMorpheme
Freemorphemesar
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