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　　Well,itturnsoutthepre-frontalcortexdoeslotsofthings,butoneofthemostimportantthingsitdoesisitisanexperiencesimulator.Flightpilotspracticeinflightsimulatorssothattheydon'

tmakerealmistakesinplanes.Humanbeingshavethismarvelousadaptationthattheycanactuallyhaveexperiencesintheirheadsbeforetheytrythemoutinreallife.Thisisatrickthatnoneofourancestorscoulddo,andthatnootheranimalcandoquitelikewecan.It'

samarvelousadaptation.It'

suptherewithopposablethumbsandstandinguprightandlanguageasoneofthethingsthatgotourspeciesoutofthetreesandintotheshoppingmall.

　　Now--（Laughter）--allofyouhavedonethis.Imean,youknow,BenandJerry'

sdoesn'

thaveliver-and-onionicecream,andit'

snotbecausetheywhippedsomeup,trieditandwent,"

Yuck."

It'

sbecause,withoutleavingyourarmchair,youcansimulatethatflavorandsay"

yuck"

beforeyoumakeit.

　　Let'

sseehowyourexperiencesimulatorsareworking.Let'

sjustrunaquickdiagnosticbeforeIproceedwiththerestofthetalk.Here'

stwodifferentfuturesthatIinviteyoutocontemplate,andyoucantrytosimulatethemandtellmewhichoneyouthinkyoumightprefer.Oneofthemiswinningthelottery.Thisisabout314milliondollars.Andtheotherisbecomingparaplegic.So,justgiveitamomentofthought.Youprobablydon'

tfeellikeyouneedamomentofthought.

　　Interestingly,therearedataonthesetwogroupsofpeople,dataonhowhappytheyare.Andthisisexactlywhatyouexpected,isn'

tit?

Butthesearen'

tthedata.Imadetheseup!

　　Thesearethedata.Youfailedthepopquiz,andyou'

rehardlyfiveminutesintothelecture.Becausethefactisthatayearafterlosingtheuseoftheirlegs,andayearafterwinningthelotto,lotterywinnersandparaplegicsareequallyhappywiththeirlives.

　　Now,don'

tfeeltoobadaboutfailingthefirstpopquiz,becauseeverybodyfailsallofthepopquizzesallofthetime.Theresearchthatmylaboratoryhasbeendoing,thateconomistsandpsychologistsaroundthecountryhavebeendoing,haverevealedsomethingreallyquitestartlingtous,somethingwecallthe"

impactbias,"

whichisthetendencyforthesimulatortoworkbadly.Forthesimulatortomakeyoubelievethatdifferentoutcomesaremoredifferentthaninfacttheyreallyare.

　　Fromfieldstudiestolaboratorystudies,weseethatwinningorlosinganelection,gainingorlosingaromanticpartner,gettingornotgettingapromotion,passingornotpassingacollegetest,onandon,havefarlessimpact,lessintensityandmuchlessdurationthanpeopleexpectthemtohave.Infact,arecentstudy--thisalmostfloorsme--arecentstudyshowinghowmajorlifetraumasaffectpeoplesuggeststhatifithappenedoverthreemonthsago,withonlyafewexceptions,ithasnoimpactwhatsoeveronyourhappiness.

　　Why?

Becausehappinesscanbesynthesized.SirThomasBrownwrotein1642,"

Iamthehappiestmanalive.Ihavethatinmethatcanconvertpovertytoriches,adversitytoprosperity.IammoreinvulnerablethanAchilles;

fortunehathnotoneplacetohitme."

Whatkindofremarkablemachinerydoesthisguyhaveinhishead?

　　Well,itturnsoutit'

spreciselythesameremarkablemachinerythatalloffushave.Humanbeingshavesomethingthatwemightthinkofasa"

psychologicalimmunesystem."

Asystemofcognitiveprocesses,largelynon-consciouscognitiveprocesses,thathelpthemchangetheirviewsoftheworld,sothattheycanfeelbetterabouttheworldsinwhichtheyfindthemselves.LikeSirThomas,youhavethismachine.UnlikeSirThomas,youseemnottoknowit.（Laughter）

　　Wesynthesizehappiness,butwethinkhappinessisathingtobefound.Now,youdon'

tneedmetogiveyoutoomanyexamplesofpeoplesynthesizinghappiness,Isuspect.ThoughI'

mgoingtoshowyousomeexperimentalevidence,youdon'

thavetolookveryfarforevidence.

　　Asachallengetomyself,sinceIsaythisonceinawhileinlectures,ItookacopyoftheNewYorkTimesandtriedtofindsomeinstancesofpeoplesynthesizinghappiness.Andherearethreeguyssynthesizinghappiness."

Iamsomuchbetteroffphysically,financially,emotionally,mentallyandalmosteveryotherway."

"

Idon'

thaveoneminute'

sregret.Itwasagloriousexperience."

Ibelieveitturnedoutforthebest."

　　Whoarethesecharacterswhoaresodamnhappy?

Well,thefirstoneisJimWright.Someofyouareoldenoughtoremember:

hewasthechairmanoftheHouseofRepresentativesandheresignedindisgracewhenthisyoungRepublicannamedNewtGingrichfoundoutaboutashadybookdealhehaddone.Helosteverything.ThemostpowerfulDemocratinthecountry,helosteverything.Helosthismoney;

helosthispower.Whatdoeshehavetosayalltheseyearslateraboutit?

Iamsomuchbetteroffphysically,financially,mentallyandinalmosteveryotherway."

Whatotherwaywouldtherebetobebetteroff?

Vegetably?

Minerally?

Animally?

He'

sprettymuchcoveredthemthere.

　　MoreeseBickhamissomebodyyou'

veneverheardof.MoreeseBickhamutteredthesewordsuponbeingreleased.Hewas78yearsold.Hespent37yearsinaLouisianaStatePenitentiaryforacrimehedidn'

tcommit.Hewasultimatelyexonerated,attheageof78,throughDNAevidence.Andwhatdidhehavetosayabouthisexperience?

Glorious!

Thisguyisnotsaying,"

Well,youknow,thereweresomeniceguys.Theyhadagym."

s"

glorious,"

awordweusuallyreserveforsomethinglikeareligiousexperience.

　　HarryS.Langermanutteredthesewords,andhe'

ssomebodyyoumighthaveknownbutdidn'

t,becausein1949hereadalittlearticleinthepaperaboutahamburgerstandownedbythesetwobrothersnamedMcDonalds.Andhethought,"

That'

sareallyneatidea!

"

Sohewenttofindthem.Theysaid,"

Wecangiveyouafranchiseonthisfor3,000bucks."

HarrywentbacktoNewYork,askedhisbrotherwho'

saninvestmentbankertoloanhimthe3,000dollars,andhisbrother'

simmortalwordswere,"

Youidiot,nobodyeatshamburgers."

Hewouldn'

tlendhimthemoney,andofcoursesixmonthslaterRayCrochadexactlythesameidea.Itturnsoutpeopledoeathamburgers,andRayCroc,forawhile,becametherichestmaninAmerica.

　　Andthenfinally--youknow,thebestofallpossibleworlds--someofyourecognizethisyoungphotoofPeteBest,whowastheoriginaldrummerfortheBeatles,untilthey,youknow,senthimoutonanerrandandsnuckawayandpickedupRingoonatour.Well,in1994,whenPeteBestwasinterviewed--yes,he'

sstilladrummer;

yes,he'

sastudiomusician--hehadthistosay:

I'

mhappierthanIwouldhavebeenwiththeBeatles."

　　Okay.There'

ssomethingimportanttobelearnedfromthesepeople,anditisthesecretofhappiness.Hereitis,finallytoberevealed.First:

accruewealth,power,andprestige,thenloseit.（Laughter）Second:

spendasmuchofyourlifeinprisonasyoupossiblycan.（Laughter）Third:

makesomebodyelsereally,reallyrich.（Laughter）Andfinally:

nevereverjointheBeatles.（Laughter）

　　OK.NowI,likeZeFrank,canpredictyournextthought,whichis,"

Yeah,right."

Becausewhenpeoplesynthesizehappiness,asthesegentlemenseemtohavedone,weallsmileatthem,butwekindofrolloureyesandsay,"

Yeahright,youneverreallywantedthejob."

Ohyeah,right.Youreallydidn'

thavethatmuchincommonwithher,andyoufiguredthatoutjustaboutthetimeshethrewtheengagementringinyourface."

　　Wesmirkbecausewebelievethatsynthetichappinessisnotofthesamequalityaswhatwemightcall"

naturalhappiness."

Whataretheseterms?

Naturalhappinessiswhatwegetwhenwegetwhatwewanted,andsynthetichappinessiswhatwemakewhenwedon'

tgetwhatwewanted.Andinoursociety,wehaveastrongbeliefthatsynthetichappinessisofaninferiorkind.Whydowehavethatbelief?

Well,it'

sverysimple.Whatkindofeconomicenginewouldkeepchurningifwebelievedthatnotgettingwhatwewantcouldmakeusjustashappyasgettingit?

　　WithallapologiestomyfriendMatthieuRicard,ashoppingmallfullofZenmonksisnotgoingtobeparticularlyprofitablebecausetheydon'

twantstuffenough.Iwanttosuggesttoyouthatsynthetichappinessiseverybitasrealandenduringasthekindofhappinessyoustumbleuponwhenyougetexactlywhatyouwereaimingfor.Now,I'

mascientist,soI'

mgoingtodothisnotwithrhetoric,butbymarinatingyouinalittlebitofdata.

　　Letmefirstshowyouanexperimentalparadigmthatisusedtodemonstratethesynthesisofhappinessamongregularoldfolks.Andthisisn'

tmine.Thisisa50-year-oldparadigmcalledthe"

freechoiceparadigm."

sverysimple.Youbringin,say,sixobjects,andyouaskasubjecttorankthemfromthemo