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leaf
stems,
horse
leaves"
.Ginseng
leavespalmate,
flocculus
3-5
piece,
between
nearly
equal,
small
leaf;
leaveselliptic
slightly
obovate,
4-15
cm
long,
2-6.5
cm
wide,
apex
acuminate,
base
cuneate,
margin
serrulate,
above
veins
scattered
a
few
setae,
below,
glabrous,
leaflets
1
next
very
small,
no
petiole.
Ginseng
flower
in
summer,
umbel
single
students
Ye
Congzhong,
peduncle
to
30
4-40
more
than
flowers
per
inflorescence,
pedicel
c
A.0.5
cm.
Bracts
linear
lanceolate;
calyx
bell
shape,
healing
and
ovary,
lobes
5,
green;
petals
5,
ovate,
entire,
stamens
filaments
short;
pistil
1,
below
2
rooms,
styles
2,
connate
proximally
upper
separation.Ginseng
berryoblate,
mature
fresh
red,
within
semicircular
seed
形态特征人参是多年生宿根草本,人参主根高30-60厘米,肥厚,肉质,黄白色,圆柱形或纺锤形,下面稍有分枝;
根状茎(芦头)短,直立。
人参茎直立,圆柱形,不分枝;
一年生植株茎顶只有一叶,叶具三小叶,俗名“三花”;
二年生茎仍只一叶,但具5小叶,叫“巴掌”;
三年生者具有二个对生的5小叶的复叶,叫“二甲子”;
四年生者增至3个轮生复叶,叫“灯台子”;
五年生者增至4个轮生复叶,叫“四匹叶”;
六年生者茎顶有5个轮生复叶,叫“五匹叶”。
人参复叶掌状,小叶3-5片,中间3片近等大,有小叶柄;
小叶片椭圆形或微呈倒卵形,长4-15厘米,宽2-6.5厘米,先端渐尖,基部楔形,边缘有细锯齿,上面脉上散生少数刚毛,下面无毛,最下1对小叶甚小,无小叶柄。
人参夏季开花,伞形花序单一顶生叶丛中,总花梗长达30厘米,每花序有4-40余花,小花梗长约0.5厘米。
苞片小,条状披针形;
萼钟形,与子房愈合,裂片5,绿色;
花瓣5,卵形,全缘,淡黄绿色;
雄蕊5,花丝短;
雌蕊1,子房下位,2室,花柱2,上部分离,下部合生。
人参浆果扁圆形,成熟时鲜红色,内有两粒半圆形种子。
Growth
Environment
growth
January
an
average
temperature
-23-5℃
the
July
20-26
℃
climate
conditions,
cold
resistant,
resistant
-40
degrees
Celsius
temperature,
suitable
growth
15-25
The
general
conditions
for
accumulated
2000-3000
frost
free
period
is
125-
150days,
snow
20-44
500-1000
mm
precipitation
place,
likes
cold
humid
climate.Like
slanted
diffuse
light,
avoid
strong
light
and
high
temperature.Soil
requirements
good
drainage,
loose,
fertile
soil,
humus
layer
deep
brown
forest
soil
mountain
podzolic
forest
pH
value
should
be
5.5-6.2.
Like
climate,
direct
sunlight,
resistance.Seeds
can
dried
storage,
embryo
morphological
physiological
post
ripening
characteristics;
former
requires
20-10
latter
2-4
time
required
each
3-4
months,
germination
did
not
complete
seed
ripening.The
strict
soil
requirements,
rich
organic
matter,
permeability
sandy
loam
cultivation,
continuous
cropping.
生长环境人参多生长在具有1月平均温度-23-5℃,7月平均温度20-26℃的气候条件下,耐寒性强,可耐-40℃低温,生长适宜温度为15-25℃。
一般生长在气候条件为年积温2000-
3000℃,无霜期125-150天,积雪20-44厘米,年降水500-1000毫米的地方,人参喜冷凉湿润气候。
喜斜射及漫射光,忌强光和高温。
土壤要求为排水良好、疏松、肥沃、腐殖质层深厚的棕色森林土或山地灰化棕色森林土,土的pH值5.5-6.2为宜。
喜寒冷、湿润气候,遇强光直射,抗寒力强。
种子可阴干贮藏,种胚有形态后熟和生理后熟特性;
前者要求20-10℃变温,后者需要2-4℃低温,需时各为3-4个月,没有完成后熟的种子不能发芽。
对土壤要求严格,宜在富含有机质,通透性良好的砂质壤土、腐殖质壤土栽培,忌连作。
Chemical
composition
Root
contains
ginsenosides
0.4%,
amount
volatile
oil.The
main
ingredients
oil
ene
(panacen,
C15H24)
0.072%.It
was
reported
that
isolated
from
saponins:
saponins
A,
B,
C,
D,
E
F
(panaxosideA,
E,
F)
like.Ginsenosides
A
(C42H72O14)
as
Rg1
(ginsenosideRg1)
.After
produce
B
C
hydrolysis
Panaxatriol
(panaxatriol)
sapogenin,
F
after
20-
meter
panaxadiol
(20-epiprotopanaxo-diol)
sapogenin.But
also
low-boiling
fraction
ether
extract
β
-elemene
(β
-
elemene,
.Partial
separation
boiling
panaxynol
(panaxynol,
C17H26O)
.Further
monosaccharides:
glucose,
fructose,
sucrose,
all
trisaccharide:
Glucose
Fructose
trimeric
Fructose,
acid
(palmitic
acid,
stearic
linoleic
mixture)
minutes
vitamins
(B1,
B2,
nicotinic
nicotinamide,
pantothenic
acid)
amino
acids,
choline,
enzymes
(maltase,
invertase,
esterase)
spermine
(spermine)
cholestyramine
(cholamine)
.Aboveground
containing
flavonoids,
known
as
yellow
(panasenoside)
clover
glycosides
(trifolin)
kaempferol
alcohol,
ginsenosides,
sitosterol
sugars.
化学成分根中含人参皂甙0.4%,少量挥发油。
油中主要成份为人参烯(panacen,C15H24)
0.072%。
据报导从根中分离出皂甙类:
人参皂甙
A.
B.
C.
D.E和F(panaxoside
D.E、F)等。
人参皂甙A(C42H72O14),为人参皂甙Rg1(ginsenosideRg1)。
人参皂甙B和C水解后产生人参三醇(panaxatriol)皂甙元,人参皂甙
D.E和F水解后得20
-表人参二醇(20-epiprotopanaxo-diol)皂甙元。
又自乙醚提取物的低沸点部分分离出β
-榄香烯(β
-elemene,C15H24)。
高沸点部分分离出人参炔醇(panaxynol,
C17H26O)。
此外尚含有单糖类:
葡萄糖、果糖、蔗醣,三种三糖:
葡萄糖-果糖-果糖、三聚葡萄糖,葡萄糖-葡萄糖-果糖,人参酸(为软脂酸、硬脂酸及亚油酸的混和物),多钟维生素(B1、B2、菸酸、菸酰胺、泛酸),多种氨基酸、胆碱、酶(麦芽糖酶、转化酶、酯酶),精胺(spermine)及胆胺(cholamine)。
人参的地上部分含黄酮类化合物,人称人参黄甙(panasenoside)、三叶甙(trifolin)、山柰醇、人参皂甙、
-谷甾醇及糖类。
microscopic
(1)
cross
section:
cork
series
cell.Cortical
narrow.Lateral
phloem
fissure,
medial
parenchyma
cells
arranged
closely,
have
resin
canals
scattered,
secretion.The
formation
layers
into
ring.
Xylem
raybroad,
catheter
together
several,
intermittent
arrangedradially,
occasional
non
lignified
fiber
catheter.Parenchyma
cells
clusters
calcium
oxalate
crystal.
Sun
powder
white.Resin
canal
debris
easily
seeyellow,
massive
secretion.Calcium
crystal
diameter
20
~
68
m,
sharp
edges
corners.Cork
cell
square
polygon,
wall
thin,
fine
waviness.Reseaus
scalariform
vessel
diameter
10
56
M.Many
starch
grains,
particle
spheroid,
half
round
irregular
umbilical
punctate
fissured;
complex
particlescomposed
6
particles.
(2)
product
1g,
add
chloroform
40ml,
heated
reflux
1
hours,
discard
dregs
solution,
solvent,
add
0.5mkl
water
mix
well
wet,
saturated
butanol
10ml,
imitate
ethyl
acetate
methanol
(15:
40:
22:
10)
DEG
placed
lower
solution
agent,
launched,
remove,
drying,
spray
10%
sulfuric
ethanol
color
clear
heating
at
105
C
spots,
which
respectively
arrangedin
sunlight
UV
(365nm)
examine.In
chromatography
of
samples,
position
corresponding
control
medicinal
chromatography,
respectively,
same
spots
fluorescent
spots;
positioncorresponding
sample,
purple
red
spotted
same,
one
two
orangefluorescent
spots.显微特征
(1)该品横切面:
木栓层为数列细胞。
皮层窄。
韧皮部外侧有裂隙,内侧薄壁细胞排列较紧密,有树脂道散在,内含黄色分泌物。
形成层成环。
木质部射线宽广,导管单个散在或数个相聚,断续排列成放射状,导管旁偶有非木化的纤维。
薄壁细胞含草酸钙簇晶。
生晒参粉末淡黄白色。
树脂道碎片易见,含黄色块状分泌物。
草酸钙簇晶直径20~
68μ
m,棱角锐尖。
木栓细胞类方形或多角形,壁薄,细波状弯曲。
网纹及梯纹导管直径10~56μ
m。
淀粉粒甚多,单粒类球形、半圆形或不规则多角形,直径4~20μ
m,脐点点状或裂缝状;
复粒由2~6分粒组成。
(2)取该品粉末1g,加氯仿40ml,加热回流1小时,弃去氯仿液,药渣挥干溶剂,加水0.5mkl拌匀湿润后,加水饱和的正丁醇10ml,以仿-醋酸乙酯-甲醇-水
10)10℃以下放置的下层溶液为展开剂,展开,取出,晾干,喷以10%硫酸乙醇溶液,在105℃加热至斑点显色清晰,分别置日光及紫外光灯(365nm)下检视。
供试品色谱中,在与对照药材色谱相应的位置上,分别显相同颜色的斑点或荧光斑点;
在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,日光下显相同的三个紫红色斑点,紫外光灯(365nm)下,显相同的一个黄色和两个橙色荧光斑点。
Pharmacological
actionGinseng
regulate
excitement
central
nervous
system
andinhibitory
process
balance.Through
study,
effect
on
electrical
activity
brain
animal
results
show
that:
inhibitoryeffects
kinds
neural
processes
excited
and,
mainly
strengthen
cerebral
cortex
process.Because
timefunction
inhibit
process,
so
that
tends
focus
on
suppression,
thedifferentiation
accelerated
completely.Ginseng
adjust
thenerve
function,
make
cause
disorder
restore.Ginsenoside
Rb
class
central
sedation,
Rb1,
Rb2,
Rc
mixed
stability;
Rg
stimulating
system.Effect
dose
excitement,
high-dose
inhibition.Ginseng
intraperitoneal
injection
5g/kg
significantly
reduce
spontaneous
mice.
extractcan
also
antagonize
cocaine,
strychnine
induced
convulsion
e
nitrogen,
mortality
convulsion.
report
notes
crude
saponins,
neutral
both
calm
stability
theanalgesia,
muscle
relaxation
cooling
effect.
Experiments
show
synthesis
DNA
synthesis,
RNA
ginseng
canpromote
protein.Easy
memory
effects
may
nucleic
acid
andprotein
relevant.Rg1
proteincontent
increased,
whereas
Rb1
not.The
thinks,
saponin
could
increase
content
mice.No
significant
changes
normal
level
Zaodai,
histsaponin
alcohol
group
mousebrain
GABA,
isoniazid
GABA
levels
decreased
withantagonism
obvious.
had
blood
flow
brainenergy
metabolism.Ginseng
rabbit
glucose
uptake,
while
reducing
ratio
lactate,
pyruvate
lactate
/
pyruvate,
use
glucose
anaerobic
metabolic
pa