美国空军无人机指导概述Word文档下载推荐.docx

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∙101pages

∙February17,2014

Overthelastdecade,remotelypilotedaircraft（RPA）havebecomeacriticalcomponentintheapplicationofairpowerandoneofthemost“indemand”platformstheAirForceprovidestothejointforce.RPAaccentuatethecoretenetsofpersistence,flexibility,andversatilityofmission.Alongwithinformationcollectionandattackcapabilities,theyhaveaprovenrecordasforcemultipliersduringthecontingencyoperationsofthelastdecade.Theirutilityacrosstherangeofmilitaryoperations（ROMO）remainsmostlyuntested,asRPA,similartoallnewacquisitionsinthelastdecade,havenotroutinelyoperatedincontestedairspaceorinanA2/ADenvironment.CurrentsystemshaveoperatedincontestedthreatenvironmentsoverBaghdadandLibya,thoughoperationsweredependentuponthetypeofplatformandnetworkcapability.Today,RPAprovidenear-real-timeinformation,notonlytosenioroperationaldecisionmakersbutalsodirectlytojointandcoalitionforcesinthefield.RPAaidforcesincombatcurrentlyperformselectiveprecisionstrikemissionsagainstpre-plannedorhigh-valueopportunities,minimizingriskofcollateraldamage.

TheAirForcehastakenpreliminarystepstowardacomprehensiveservice-widereviewoffutureRPAapplications.Inaddressingthecontinuedgrowthofunmannedaircraftsystems（UAS）,theAirForcewillconsiderabroaddoctrinallookatthekindofmissionsRPAhavesupportedinOperationIRAQIFREEDOM（OIF）andOperationENDURINGFREEDOM（OEF）andwilllookatthestrengthsandchallengesaswellasthecurrentandfuturedemandsofthecombatantcommanders（CCDR）tounderstandhowallcomponentsandcapabilitiescancontributetothesuccessfulexecutionofallphasesofconflict.

Thislevelofunderstandingisneededtodeterminewhatforcesandresourcesneedtobeestablishedinbaselinebudgetsfromwhichwewouldsurgeincrisistoachieveoperationalplansstrategies,whatriskwearewillingtoaccept,orhowsuchriskcouldbemitigated.

1.1PurposeAndScope

BoththecurrentfiscalandfutureoperationalenvironmentsfacingtheAirForceinfluencethelandscapeforinvestmentsinthedevelopmentandfieldingofnewtechnologies.ThisdocumentrefinestheAirForcestrategicvisionforthefutureofRPAandreemphasizestheinherentpotentialandemergingcapabilitiesofsmallunmannedaircraftsystems（SUAS）.TheRPAVectoroutlinesconceptsandcapabilitiesneededoverthenext25years.ItcaninformthecapabilitiesplanningandrequirementsdevelopmentprocessaswellasinformtheCFLIsastheyexecutetheirresponsibilitiesforimplementationplanningintheplans,programming,budgetingandexecutionprocess.

Technologyadvancementsmustincreasinglyleverageopenarchitecture,autonomy,modularity,andinteroperabilitytomaximizebothsystemeffectivenessandserviceinvestments.Openarchitectureandopeninterfacesneedtobeleveragedtoaddressproblemswithproprietarysystemarchitectures.Standardsandinterfacespecificationsneedtobeestablishedtoachievemodularity,commonality,andinterchangeabilityacrosspayloads,controlsystems,video/audiointerfaces,data,andcommunicationlinks.Thisopennesswillenhancecompetition,lowerlife-cyclecosts,andprovidewarfighterswithenhancedunmannedcapabilitiesthatenablecommonalityandjointinteroperabilityonthebattlefield.Focusedinvestmentsmustbemadeintoday’sfiscallyconstrainedenvironmenttofurthertheAirForce’sstrategic,operational,andtacticalcapabilitiestosupportjointoperations.Thesejointforceswillpossessthecapabilitiestodeploy,operate,andemployautonomousbehaviorstoreducepilotandoperatorworkload.ThefutureAirForceRPAforcestructurewillbeleanerandmoreadaptabletomaximizetheeffectivenessof21st-centuryairpower.TheAirForcewillcontinuetobeorganizedforoperationstosupportstrategicmissions.

1.2Vision

TheAirForcevisionforRPAis—

•SeamlessintegrationofRPAintooperationsacrossalldomains（air,spaceandcyberspace）andlevelsofwarfare（strategic,operationalandtactical）willenablefuturejointforcestoleveragecross-domainsynergiesinenvironmentsrangingfrompermissivetonon-permissive.

•Widespreaduseofhighlyadaptableandflexibleautonomoussystemsandprocessestoprovidesignificanttimeefficienciesandoperationaladvantagesoveradversaries.

•Increasinglyinteroperablesystemsandplatformsthroughadvancementsinandapplicationofopenarchitecture,standards,andmodularityacrossjoint,interagencyandcoalitionpartnersthatresultsinaleaner,moreeffective,adaptable,sustainableandefficientforce.

•Teamingacrossdepartmentsandagencies,coalitionpartners,academia,andindustrytodriveinnovation,technology,andefficientuseofresearchanddevelopment（R&

D）investments.

Thefamilyofsystems（FoS）andcapabilitiesoutlinedinthisdocumentreflectcurrentfundedprograms,DefensePlanningGuidance,AnnualPlanningandProgrammingGuidance,andCoreFunctionMasterPlan（CFMP）guidance,scienceandtechnology（S&

T）areasofresearchandproposedfutureconcepts.

Therapiddevelopment,growth,andintegrationofRPAtoprovidesupporttoongoingirregularwarfare（IW）contingencies;

directsupportfornon–DepartmentofDefense（DoD）governmentagencies;

supporttohumanitarian/disasterreliefoperations;

andurgentsupporttootherfederalandcivileffortshaveovershadowedeffortstodeterminethecharacteristicsoffutureoperatingenvironmentsandthesuitabilityofemergingtechnologies.

1.3Assumptions

EightkeyassumptionsguidedthedevelopmentoftheRPAVector:

•ConceptofOperations（CONOPS）andcapabilitiesthatdirectlysupporttheNationalDefenseStrategywillhavethehighestpriority.

•Mannedandremotelypilotedsystemswillbeseamlesslyintegratedandsynchronizedinairspace,commandandcontrol（C2）architectures,informationsharing,andpurposetooptimizeairpowerandincreasecapabilityacrossthefullROMOforthecombinedforce.

•Mannedandremotelypilotedsystemswillrequirecross-domaininformationexchangetoprovidethefreedomofactionrequiredbythemission.

•Capabilitiesmustbefocusedtoenableunconstrainedoperationalaccesswhenacommonair,space,orcyberspacedomainisunusableorinaccessible.

•Secure,efficient,robust,agileandredundantC2andinformationdistributionwillbeessentialformissionsuccessinallenvironments.

•Increaseduseofautonomyandautonomousbehaviorswillincreasecapabilityinpermissiveandnon-permissiveenvironmentswhileleveragingoperatingcostsavings.

•Openarchitectureandstandardizedinterfaceswillenablemodularity,resultinginincreasedwarfightereffect,adaptability,sustainability,interoperabilityandreducedlife-cyclecost.

•Impactsofbudgetsequestrationcanbemitigated.

…

4.4.4.1Ground-BasedSenseandAvoid

Mid-termNASaccesscanincludenewFAArulesregardingClassAairspacethatpermitRPAtooperatewithotheraircraft.NewrulesmayalsobeaugmentedwithGBSAAtechnologiesforaccessintootherclassesofairspace.GBSAAisaground-basedmeansofdetectingairbornetrafficandprovidingthenecessarySAtotheSUAS-OorRPApilot.AGBSAAsystemincludessensors,correlation,fusion,communications,networks,logic,procedures,anduserinterfaces.GBSAAisatechnologicalsolutionusinggroundsensorstodetectaircraftandalerttheRPApilotorSUAS-Owithsuitableleadtimetoallowappropriateavoidancemaneuvering,enablingsafeandrobustmissionoperationswithoutriskofairbornecollisions.ThefirstDoDGBSAAforRPAwentoperationalattheArmy’sElMirage,California,facilityon26April2011.ThissystematElMirage,California,hadlimitedoperationalapplicationandhassincebeensuspendedandmovedtoDugwayProvingGroundsduetocontinuingregulatorydifferences.TheAirForcemustcontinuetobuildontheinitialframeworktoincreaseaccessthroughamorerobustdetectionandalertingsystem.

Mid-termGBSAAeffortsarefocusedondevelopingmethodstoprovideaircraftseparationwithinaprescribedvolumeofairspaceusingaground-basedsystemthatincludessensors,displays,communications,controls,andsoftware.ThecompletesystemwillincludeHMIdisplays,controls,andsoftwarealgorithmsnecessarytoproviderecommendedorperhapsautomatedmaneuvers.GBSAAsolutionswillincrementallyrelieverestrictionsonexistingCOAsandfacilitateRPA/SUAStrainingintheNAS.Thiseffortisestablishingrequirements,gatheringdata,performingmodelingandsimulation,testingandverifyingcollecteddata,andobtainingairworthinessapprovals,asappropriate.GBSAAcanparticularlybenefitSUASwhereSWaPlimitationspreventlargermorecomplexABSAAsolutionsfrombeingeasilyincorporated.Suchasystemshouldbealow-cost,scalable,deployablesystemcapableofrespondingtoTitle10andTitle32NationalGuardrequirementsforDSCA.

4.4.5Long-TermNASAccess

CurrentUASarebuilttodifferentspecificationsfordifferentpurposes;

therefore,showingindividuallythateachsystemissafeforflightintheNAScanbecomplicated,timeconsumingandcostly.RoutineaccesswillhappenwhenDoDestablishesandcertifiesanacceptablelevelofsafetyforUASandmanufacturingstandardsmeetthatthreshold.Oncedeveloped,standardsforUASacquisitionwillimprovesysteminteroperabilityandyieldcostsavings.

Onekeylong-termobjectiveisthefieldingofacertifiedABSAAsolution.Airspaceaccesswillbesimilartomannedaircraft;

thoughcertificationrequirementshavenotbeenestablished,thecurrentleve