Chapter 1 An IntroductionWord文档格式.docx

Chapter 1 An IntroductionWord文档格式.docx

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1.WhatisSTYLISTICS?

A）Definition

B）Synchronic[siŋ′krnik]anddiachronicstudy共时与历时

2.Whytolearnstylistics?

3.Howtodostylisticanalysis

4.CourseRequirements

1.DefinitionofStylistics

Stylistics=style+linguistics

STYLE:

ChapterTwo

Linguistics:

thestudyoflanguageinwhichtheoriesonlanguageshavebeenfullyinvestigated

Takesomelanguagetheoriesasexample：

Cooperativeprinciples

Politenessprinciples

Ambiguity[˛æ

mbi′gju:

iti]模糊oflanguages

Scholars’viewonstylistics

•Wales:

thestudyofstyle.Butwhatisstyle?

Walesdidnotoffertheanswer.

•Widdowson:

Bystylistics,ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstylisticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo（1975:

3）.

•Leech:

thestudyoftheuseoflanguageinliterature（1969:

1）,stylisticsisameetinggroundoflinguisticsandliterarystudy.

Broadmeaning:

tocoverallvarietiesofEnglish

Narrowmeaning:

tocoverEnglishliteratureonly（yourtextbook）

Summary:

Stylisticsisanareaofstudywhich（covers）straddles（tobeonbothsidesof）twodisciplines:

literarycriticismandlinguistics.Ittakesliterarytextasitsobjectofstudyanduselinguisticasameanstotheend.

2.Thehistoryofstylistics（diachronicstudy历时研究）

•Itwasnotuntilthelate1950’sthatstylisticsbegantoadvancewithsignificantandmeasurablestrides（towalkwithlongsteps）.

•Twoconferencesmarkedtheestablishmentofstylisticsasaninterdisciplinaryareainacademicfield:

IndianUniversity,1958;

Bellagio,1969.（P.2）

•OriginofEnglishstylistics:

Aristotle’stimeonthebasisofrhetoric['

retərik]

•Threerevolutionsinsocialsciencewhichbroughtstylisticstotherighttrackandbroughtaboutitspresentstatus.

A）Modernistmovementinartandliterature

B）NewCriticismadvocatingtheobjectivestudyofliterarytexts

C）Linguisticscience,includingChomskyandHallidaywhoprovidedeffectiveandsystematicnewtoolsfortheinterpretationofliterarytexts.

Synchronicstudy（共时研究）

•Fiveschoolsofstylistics

Traditionalstylistics（Chapter1-6）

Functionalstylistics（Chapter7）

Discoursestylistics（Chapter8）

Criticalstylistics

Cognitivestylistics

Traditionalstylistics

scholars:

Leech,Short,

Theory:

A）Sounds:

rhyme,rhythminpoetry

B）Directandindirectspeech;

Freedirectandfreeindirectspeechinnovels

C）rhetoricaldevices:

parallelism,alliteration,synecdoche,understatement,etc.

Functionalstylistics

scholar:

Halliday

Theories：

Transitivityanalysis

Thematicanalysis

Cohesiontheory

2.ThePurposesforstudyofstylistics

•ToappreciatetheliteraryworksinEnglish

•TomasterthegeneralknowledgeofvariationsofEnglish

•ToimproveEnglishcompretence

•Tobuildanewwayofthinking

3.Thewaystomakestylisticanalysis

3.1Whyisitpossibleforstylisticanalysis?

A）Literatureismadeoflanguage.Architectureismadeofsteelandconcrete;

steelandconcreteareformlessuntilthebuilderimposessomepatternonthem.Butlanguageisalreadymeaningfullystructuredandsystematized.Dancingismadeofmeaningfulmovement.Thelattertwocanbeanalogous[ə'

næ

ləgs]（similaroralike）.

Implication:

Linguisticsshouldbemosthelpfulinanalyzingandinterpretingliterarytexts.

B）Literatureisatypeofcommunicativediscourse

Implication:

stylisticfeaturesdonotoccurrandomlyinitbutformpatterns.Andstylisticianscanaccountforliterarytextsnotjustintrasententiallybutalsointer-sententially,notonlyintermsoflinguisticfactsandtheorybutalsointermsofsociolinguisticfactsandtheory.

3.2StylisticInquiry

3.2.1TwoGoals（Halliday1983）:

A）Toshowwhyandhowthetextmeanswhatitdoes.Thatistodescribeandinterpretthetext,andtodemonstratewhythistextmeansallthatIsayitmeans.

B）Toshowwhythetextisvaluedasitis.Tosaywhythistextisgoodornot,whatisthevalueofthetextandwhythetexthasbeenreceivedintothecanonofmajorliteraryworks----achallengingtask.

•LeechandShort:

Stylisticsismoreconcernedwithinterpretation（thefirstgoal）

3.2.2ComponentsandProcedure

•Threecomponentsinstylisticanalysis:

description,interpretation,andevaluation（Short,1984:

15）

•Thethreepartsarelogicallyordered,descriptionislogicallypriortointerpretationbecauseareasonablyconvincinginterpretationofaliterarytextisonlyderivedfromacarefulandsystematicexaminationofitslanguage;

interpretationisalsopriortoevaluation,sinceanevaluationofapoemisalwaysrelativetosomeinterpretation.

•Halliday（1983）components:

analyticalphaseandinterpretativephase,andevaluationphase（notexplicitlymentioned）.Itisnotbeingsuggestedthatanalysisandinterpretationareseparateportionsofthetask,tobeperformedinsequencewithonestartingonlywhentheotherhasended.

Threecomponentsarepresented,butHallidaymakesafurtherpoint,i.e.theproposedcomponentpartsofstylisticsshouldnotbetakenasformingarigidprocedureofstylisticsanalysis.（supportedbySpitzer1970andWiddowson1975）

3.3Thenatureofstylisticanalysis

A）Stylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;

thatis,whatitisthatispeculiartotheusesoflanguageinaliterarytextfordeliveringmessage.

B）Stylisticsanalysisisactuallyacomparisonofthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.

Halliday:

stylisticstudiesareessentiallycomparativeinnature;

Widdowson:

allliteraryappreciationiscomparative,asindeedisarecognitionofstylesingeneral.

4.Courserequirements

A）Doingalotstylisticanalysisisofgreatnecessityforlearningthiscourse,fromwhichyoucanfindquestionsandthelimitationsofthetheoriesintheapplicationofthem,andobtainaprofoundunderstandingoftheanalyticaltechniques.

B）Youarewelcometodiscusswithmeanyquestionsforthetopicinthiscourse.

C）Youareencouragedtoacquireacriticalreadinginyourlessonandkeepsharpeyestothelimitationsofthetheoryandfindnewwaystoovercomesuchlimitationsinyouranalysis.

D）Regularattendancefortheclass,whichwillaccountforthe10%ofyourgradeinthefinalmarkforthiscourse.

E）Atermpaperisneededtohandinattheendofthethistermwhichshouldfocusonanytopicofmylectures.Thispaperwillaccountforatleast20%ofthegrademark.