传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译.doc

传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译.doc

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Sensortechnology

Asensorisadevicewhichproducesasignalinresponsetoitsdetectingormeasuringaproperty,suchasposition,force,torque,pressure,temperature,humidity,speed,acceleration,orvibration.Traditionally,sensors（suchasactuatorsandswitches）havebeenusedtosetlimitsontheperformanceofmachines.Commonexamplesare（a）stopsonmachinetoolstorestrictworktablemovements,（b）pressureandtemperaturegageswithautomaticsshut-offfeatures,and（c）governorsonenginestopreventexcessivespeedofoperation.Sensortechnologyhasbecomeanimportantaspectofmanufacturingprocessesandsystems.Itisessentialforproperdataacquisitionandforthemonitoring,communication,andcomputercontrolofmachinesandsystems.

Becausetheyconvertonequantitytoanother,sensorsoftenarereferredtoastransducers.Analogsensorsproduceasignal,suchasvoltage,whichisproportionaltothemeasuredquantity.Digitalsensorshavenumericordigitaloutputsthatcanbetransferredtocomputersdirectly.Analog-to-coverter（ADC）isavailableforinterfacinganalogsensorswithcomputers.

ClassificationsofSensors

Sensorsthatareofinterestinmanufacturingmaybeclassifiedgenerallyasfollows:

Machanicalsensorsmeasuresuchasquantitiesaspositions,shape,velocity,force,torque,pressure,vibration,strain,andmass.

Electricalsensorsmeasurevoltage,current,charge,andconductivity.

Magneticsensorsmeasuremagneticfield,flux,andpermeablity.

Thermalsensorsmeasuretemperature,flux,conductivity,andspecialheat.

Othertypesareacoustic,ultrasonic,chemical,optical,radiation,laser,andfiber-optic.

Dependingonitsapplication,asensormayconsistofmetallic,nonmetallic,organic,orinorganicmaterials,aswellasfluids,gases,plasmas,orsemiconductors.Usingthespecialcharacteristicsofthesematerials,sensorscovertthequantityorpropertymeasuredtoanalogordigitaloutput.Theoperationofanordinarymercurythermometer,forexample,isbasedonthedifferencebetweenthethermalexpansionofmercuryandthatofglass.

Similarly,amachinepart,aphysicalobstruction,orbarrierinaspacecanbedetectedbybreakingthebeamoflightwhensensedbyaphotoelectriccell.Aproximitysensor（whichsensesandmeasuresthedistancebetweenitandanobjectoramovingmemberofamachine）canbebasedonacoustics,magnetism,capacitance,oroptics.Otheractuatorscontacttheobjectandtakeappropriateaction（usuallybyelectromechanicalmeans）.Sensorsareessentialtotheconductofintelligentrobots,andarebeingdevelopedwithcapabilitiesthatresemblethoseofhumans（smartsensors,seethefollowing）.

ThisisAmerica,thedevelopmentofsuchasurgeryLinBaianexample,throughthescreen,througharemotecontroloperatortocontrolanothermanipulator,throughtherealizationoftherightabdominalsurgeryAfewyearsagoourcountrytheexhibition,theUnitedStateshasbeensuccessfulinachievingtherighttotheheartvalvesurgeryandbypasssurgery.Thisrobothasinthearea,causedagreatsensation,butalso,AESOP'ssurgicalrobot,Infact,itthroughsomeequipmenttosomeofthelesionsinspections,throughamanipulatorcanbeachievedonsomepartsoftheoperationAlsoincludingremotelyoperatedmanipulator,andmanydoctorsareabletoparticipateintherobotundersurgeryRobotdoctortoincludedoctorswithpliers,tweezersoraknifetoreplacethenurses,whilelightingautomaticallytothedoctor'smovementslinked,thedoctorhandsoff,lightingwentoff,Thisisverygood,adoctor'sassistant.

Tactilesensingisthecontinuousofvariablecontactforces,commonlybyanarrayofsensors.Suchasystemiscapableofperformingwithinanarbitrarythree-dimensionalspace.hasgraduallyshiftedfrommanufacturingtonon-manufacturingandserviceindustries,wearetalkingaboutthecarmanufacturerbelongingtothemanufacturingindustry,However,theservicessectorincludingcleaning,refueling,rescue,rescue,relief,etc.Thesebelongtothenon-manufacturingindustriesandserviceindustries,sohereiscomparedwiththeindustrialrobot,itisaveryimportantdifference.Itisprimarilyamobileplatform,itcanmovetosports,therearesomearmsoperate,alsoinstalledsomeasaforcesensorandvisualsensors,ultrasonicrangingsensors,etc.It’ssurroundingenvironmentfortheconductofidentification,todetermineitscampaigntocompletesomework,thisisservicerobot’soneofthebasiccharacteristics

Invisualsensing（machinevision,computervision）,cameralopticallysensethepresenceandshapeoftheobject.Amicroprocessorthenprocessestheimage（usuallyinlessthanonesecond）,theimageismeasured,andthemeasurementsaredigitized（imagerecognition）.Machinevisionissuitableparticularlyforinaccessibleparts,inhostilemanufacturingenvironments,formeasuringalargenumberofsmallfeatures,andinsituationswherephysicscontactwiththepartmaycausedamage.

Smallsensorshavethecapabilitytoperformalogicfunction,toconducttwo-waycommunication,andtomakeadecisionsandtakeappropriateactions.Thenecessaryinputandtheknowledgerequiredtomakeadecisioncanbebuiltintoasmartsensor.Forexample,acomputerchipwithsensorscanbeprogrammedtoturnamachinetooloffwhenacuttingtoolfails.Likewise,asmartsensorcanstopamobilerobotorarobotarmfromaccidentallycomingincontactwithanobjectorpeoplebyusingquantitiessuchasdistance,heat,andnoise.

Sensorfusion.Sensorfusionbasicallyinvolvestheintegrationofmultiplesensorsinsuchamannerwheretheindividualdatafromeachofthesensors（suchasforce,vibration,temperature,anddimensions）arecombinedtoprovideahigherlevelofinformationandreliability.Acommonapplicationofsensorfusionoccurswhensomeonedrinksacupofhotcoffee.Althoughwetakesuchaquotidianeventforgranted,itreadilycanbeseenthatthisprocessinvolvesdatainputfromtheperson'seyes,lips,tongue,andhands.Throughourbasicsensesofsight,hearing,smell,taste,andtouch,thereisreal-timemonitoringofrelativemovements,positions,andtemperatures.Thusifthecoffeeistoohot,thehandmovementofthecuptowardthelipiscontrolledandadjustedaccordingly.

Theearliestapplicationsofsensorfusionwereinrobotmovementcontrol,missileflighttracking,andsimilarmilitaryapplications.Primarilybecausetheseactivitiesinvolvemovementsthatmimichumanbehavior.Anotherexampleofsensorfusionisamachineoperationinwhichasetofdifferentbutintegratedsensorsmonitors（a）thedimensionsandsurfacefinishofworkpiece,（b）toolforces,vibrations,andwear,（c）thetemperatureinvariousregionsofthetool-workpiecesystem,and（d）thespindlepower.

Animportantaspectinsensorfusionissensorvalidation:

thefailureofoneparticularsensorisdetectedsothatthecontrolsystemmaintainshighreliability.Forthisapplication,thereceivingofredundantdatafromdifferentsensorsisessential.Itcanbeseenthatthereceiving,integratingofalldatafromvarioussensorscanbeacomplexproblem.

Withadvancesinsensorsize,quality,andtechnologyandcontinueddevelopmentsincomputer-controlsystems,artificialneuralnetworks,sensorfusionhasbecomepracticalandavailableatlowcost.Movementisrelativelyindependentofthenumberofcomponents,theequivalentofourbody,waistisarotarydegreeoffreedomWehavetobeabletoholdhisarm,Armcanbebent,thenthisthreedegreesoffreedom,Meanwhilethereisawristpostureadjustmenttotheuseofthethreeautonomy,thegeneralrobothassixdegreesoffreedom.Wewillbeabletospacethethreelocations,threepostures,therobotfullyachieved,andofcoursewehavelessthansixdegreesoffreedom

Fiber-opticsensorsarebeingdevelopedforgas-turbineengines.Thesesensorswillbeinstalledincriticallocationsandwillmonitortheconditionsinsidetheengine,suchastemperature,pressure,andflowofgas.Continuousmonitoringofthesignalsfromthessensorswillhelpdetectpossibleengineproblemsandalsoprovidethenecessarydataforimprovingtheefficiencyoftheengines.

传感器技术

传感器一种通过检测某一参数而产生信号的装置。

这一参数可以是位置、力、力矩、压力、温度、湿度、速度、加速度或震动。

从传统意义上来说，传感器（比如执行器、开关）可用于限制机器参数的极限位置。

常见的传感器有（a）限制工作台运动的机床停止开关，（b）具有自动关闭功能的压力仪表和温度仪表，（c）防止速度超限的调速器。

传感器技术已成为制造过程和系统的重要方面。

它对于数据的正确采集、机器和系统的检测、通讯以及计算机控制是很必要的。

传感器能够将一种物理量转换为另一种物理量，因此，传感器通常（被看作）指转换器。

模拟传感器产生信号，比如电压信号，该信号与被测物理力量成一定比例。

数字传感器具有数字输出，该数字输出能够直接被传递到计算机上。

模数转换器能够在模拟传感器和计算机之间起到接口作用。

传感器的分类

在制造业中，传感器可以分为以下几类：

机械类传感器可以用来测量位置、形状、速度、力、力矩、压力、震动、应变和质量。

电器类传感器可以用来测量电压、电流、电荷、电传导率。

磁传感器可以用来测量磁场、磁通量、磁导率。

热传感器可以用来测量温度、热流、热传导率以及特殊热量。

其他类型的传感器有声学传感器、超声波传感器、化学传感器、光学传感器、放射传感器、激光传感器、光纤传感器。

根据应用的不同，传感器可以由金属材料、非金属材料、有机材料、无机材料以及流体、气体、等离子体和半导体构成。

利用这些材料的不同特性，传感器将被测的物理量或参数转换为模拟信号或数字信号输出。

比如，普通的水银温度计的工作原理就是根据水银和玻璃的热膨胀率的不同而工作的。

类似地，当机器某一零件、物体障碍物、被测量与传感器空间中的障碍物遮挡住光束时，就可被光电器件感知并检测到。

接近开关（指感知并测量开关与物体或机器的运动之间的距离）可根据声学、磁学、电容、光学原理工作。

其他执行器依靠接触物体来执行相应的操作（通常机电一体化的方法）。

传感器对于智能机器人的控制是不可缺少的，并且通过模仿人类，传感器的特性得到了很大发展。

触觉传感技术通过一组传感器可以连续不断的测量接触力的变化。

这样一个系统能够监控任意的三维空间。

在视觉传感器（机器视觉，计算机视觉）中，光学摄像头感知物体的存在以及物体的形状。

接着，微处理器处理图像（通常不到1秒）和测量图像，并且该测量是数字化的（这一过程被称之为图像识别）。

机器视觉传感器特别适用于不能直接接触到的零件的测量，恶劣的制造环境，大量微小特性的测量以及与零件的物理接触会造成零件破换的情况。

智能传感器能够执行逻辑功能，进行双向通讯，作出判断并执行相应的操作。

必要的输入和作出判断所需的条件被固化到智能传感器中。

比如，带有传感器的计算机芯片能够编程，当刀具失效时，能够自动地使机床停下来。

同样地，如果移动机器人与物体突然接触放生碰撞时，智能传感器就可以通过检测像距离、热量、噪声这些参数使移动机器人或机械臂停止。

传感器融合技术。

传感器融合技术主要指将多种传感器以一定的方式组合起来，将每一个传感器的数据（比如力、震动、温度、维数）整合起来，获得更高级别的的信息和可靠性。

传感器融合技术的一个常见应用是喝一杯热咖啡。

尽管我们将这样一个平凡的小事认为是理所当然的事，但我们很容易地观察到，这样一个过程涉及到了从眼睛、嘴唇、舌头、手的数据输入，通过我们最基本的视