英语语法(01语法层次).pptx
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WhatisGrammar,thewholesystemandstructureofalanguageoroflanguagesingeneral,usuallytakenasconsistingofsyntaxandmorphology(includinginflections)andsometimesalsophonologyandsemantics.-Oxfordonlinedictionary,Simplerput:
Grammaristhesystemofalanguage.Peoplesometimesdescribegrammarastherulesofalanguage;butinfactnolanguagehasrules.Ifweusethewordrules,wesuggestthatsomebodycreatedtherulesfirstandthenspokethelanguage,likeanewgame.Butlanguagesdidnotstartlikethat.Languagesstartedbypeoplemakingsoundswhichevolvedintowords,phrasesandsentences.Nocommonly-spokenlanguageisfixed.Alllanguageschangeovertime.Whatwecallgrammarissimplyareflectionofalanguageataparticulartime.,Unit1:
LevelsofEnglishGrammar,Issuesofthisunit:
Levelsofgrammarunitsmorpheme,word,phrase,clauses,学习内容预告:
本单元之后,请预习:
第4、5讲:
名词和名词词组、名词属格,Thesubjectofthiscourse:
Languagesystem:
Soundsystem,forphonology(音系学)Meaningsystem,forsemantics(语义学)Rulesystem,forgrammarstudyThiscoursestudiesthesyntacticrules.,DifferentlevelsofformsinEnglish:
(DiscourseText)SentenceClausePhraseWordMorpheme,A)Morphemes(词素),Englishmorpheme,Freemorpheme(自由词素),Boundmorpheme(粘附词素),e.g.mantake,friendluck,e.g.im-ypre-ess,(asroots,stems,词根、词干),(asaffixes,词缀),Affixes:
(词缀的结构分类),1prefix(前缀):
pre-war,antibody,impossible,2suffix(后缀):
careful,farmer,nicely,homely,3infix(中缀):
foot,feet,statesman,词缀的功能分类:
一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic),如:
-ed标示动词的过去时,-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等;它们被称为“Inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀);其他如:
-s-ed-est”另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic),例如:
-er作为名词词尾,表示“onewho”的含义;它们通常被称为“Derivationalaffix(派生词缀)”,Next,letslookmorecloselyatsomeexamplesofstems,affixationsandtheirrolesinformingEnglishwords.(Ihavepreparedalistofthestems,prefixesandsuffixesofEnglishwords,whichisinaWordfile.Ifyouareinterested,youcancopyitafterclass.),1)ExamplesofPrefixes:
a-,an-/without,lacking,not/asymmetric,apoliticalbi-/two/bicycle,bilateral,形式有差异,但意义相同的词缀:
(词缀变体,由不同的语音导致的变化):
com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-/together,with/combinecontractcolleaguecorrespondcooperation,形式相同,但意义不同的词缀:
im-,in-,il-,ir-/in,into,on/immigrant,income,illustration,irrigationim-,in-,il-,ir-/not/,(通常为名词、动词),impossible,inconvinent,illegal,irresponsible(通常为形容词),反义词缀:
inter-/between/international,interpersonal,intra-,intro-/within/intragroup,introductionsub-/under/submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonic,superpower,反义词缀:
macro-/big/macrocontrol,macroeconomymicro-/small/microcontrol,microeconomy,同义、近义词缀:
anti-,/against/antisocial,antifascist,contra-,/against/,contradiction,contrastcounter-/against/counteract,counterpart,同义、近义词缀:
demi-/ahalforapartof/demi-godsemi-/half,partly/semiconductor,semifinal,hemispherefore-/before,infrontof/forehead,forerunnerpre-/before/prewar,prepare,preschool,2)ExamplesofSuffixes:
有些后缀仅仅具有句法意义:
-ness,/addedtoadjectivestoformnouns/carelessness,goodness,laziness,-sumption/nounformforverbsendedwith-ume/assumption,consumption,resumptionassumeassumption,有些后缀则既有句法意义,也有语义意义:
-able,-ible,/adj.capableof,fitfor/eatable,considerable,sizable,feasible,有些后缀具有不同的意义(例如相反意义):
-er,-or,-eer/n.onewho/interviewer,employer,operator,actor,engineer-ee/n.onewho(usu.inpassivesense)/interviewee,employee,testee,3)ExamplesofStems:
-anim-/spirit/animal,unanimous-aqua-/water/aquaticsports,aquarium-auto-/self/autobiography,automobile,-cap-,-capit-/head,chief/capital,captain,-dict-/say,speak/dictation,dictionary,contradiction-son-/sound/consonant,resonant,ultrasonic,小贴士:
词根的典故:
Cesar:
Veni,Vidi,Vinci!
-ven-,-vent-/come/intervene,prevent,convention-vid-,-vis-/see/visualize,vision,vista-vinc-,-van-/conquer/victory,invincible,vanquish,vanity,Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:
Doyouknowthesewordsandifnot,canyoufigureouttheirmeanings:
netizenultramodernretrospecttransplant,Nowletsgotothenextlevelofgrammar:
thewordlevel.,B)Words:
TypesofEnglishWordsIntermsoffunction(按功能分)Closedclasswords(封闭类词,虚词)Openclasswords(开放类词,实词),Closedclasswords(functionwords,封闭类词,虚词)这类词无词形变化,数量小Preposition,pronoun,determiner,conjunction,auxiliaryandinthetheyshall,Openclasswords,(contentwords,开放类词,实词)noun,adjective,adverb,mainverb,numerals(cardinal,ordinal)这类词有词形变化,数量很大,boyboysgoodthreethirtyborrow,bestborrowedborrowing,TypesofEnglishWords,Intermsofstructure(按结构分)1)simplewords(简单词)2)derivativewords(派生词)3)compoundwords(复合词),1)Simpleword(简单词),Alsocalled“morphemeword,单词素词”(不能再分为更小的词素)e.g.:
foot,head,car,near,by,in,2)Derivatives(派生词):
Formedby:
stem+affixese.g.:
uncover;harmless;education,【e-duc-at-ion】,Review:
Syntacticaffixes:
Semanticaffixes:
worked,redden,gracefulsuperman,cooker,antibody,须注意:
syntactic和semantic的区分不是绝对的,句法性词缀也可能有语义价值:
employervs.employeetrainervs.traineeinterviewervs.interviewee而有的语义性词缀也可以有不同的词性:
3)Compounds(复合词):
InEnglish,manywordsareformedbycombiningtwoormorewordstogetherandthesewordsarecalledcompoundwords.Contentwordssuchasnouns,verbsandadjectivescanallbeformedinthisfashion.,Compounding:
thecombinationofdifferentwordsorwordpartstoformanewword:
A)CompoundNouns:
n.+n.workshop,bookshelf,lifesaver,color-filmpron.+n.she-wolf,he-bear,he-man,n.+v.v.+n.a.+n.,sunrise,sunset,shoplift,power-cutscarecrow,telltale,breakfast,turncoatgreenhouse,red-tape,busybody,B)CompoundAdjectives:
a.+n.+ed.smooth-tongued,cold-blooded,narrow-minded,high-nosedn.+v.+ed.heart-broken,weather-beaten,home-made,heartfelt,n.+v.+ing.peace-keeping,law-abiding,time-saving,truth-telling,fact-findingn.+a.blood-thirsty,ice-free,snow-white,homesick,a.+n.high-grade,first-class,long-range,new-type,second-handa.+a.bloody-red,bittersweet,dead-alive,white-hot,v.+a.failsafe,diehard,talk-bigprep.+n.indoor,overhead,aboveboard,onlinehyphenconj.out-of-door,life-and-death,wait-and-see,C)CompoundVerbs:
adv.+v.toovertake,touplift,touproot,tounderline,todownplay,touploadn.+n.tobrainstorm,tostreamline,todog-ear,towindsurf,toshowcase,n.+v.toair-drop,toeavesdrop,tobreastfeed,tonose-dive,tomasterminda.+v.tosafeguard,towhitewash,toblindfold,Justasmallquiz,beforewegoon:
Canyoufigureoutthemeaningsofthesecompounds:
think-tank,kill-joy,apple-polisherhalf-hearted,honey-mouthed,far-reaching,ill-fittingtocold-shoulder,tomass-produce,Theanswertothequiz:
think-tank(智库),kill-joy(扫兴的人/事),apple-polisher(马屁精)half-hearted(不热心的),honey-mouthed(甜言蜜语的),far-reaching(影响深远的),ill-fitting(不合身的)tocold-shoulder(让吃闭门羹),tomass-produce(规模化生产/批量生产),Otherpatternsofwordformation:
TherearealsootherwaystoformEnglishwords,whichconstituteseveralpatternsofEnglishword-formation.Next,letstakealookatthesepatterns.,PatternI.Phrase-hyphen,mostofthewordsformedthiswayareadjectives:
adamned-if-they-do,damned-if-they-dontchoiceanot-so-strongteam;theno-war,no-peacestalemate;thecards-on-the-tableapproach;theends-justify-meansphilosophy;Alsonouns,suchas:
forget-me-not,PatternII.Conversions,theshiftofthepartsofspeechofaword:
n.v.toknife,tohouse,towater,toeyeball,towineanddinev.n.givesomebodyapush,thisyearspick,acheat,togiveitarethinka.n.theold,therich,theaccused,throughthickandthin,PatternIII.Blending,themergeofwordpartstoformanewword:
head+ending:
smog,motel,heliport,brunchword+ending:
workaholic,lunarnauthead+word:
medicare,psywar,cyberpolicehead+head:
comsat,Amerind,PatternIV.Clipping,removingsomepartofawordtomakeitshorterwhilekeepingthemeaning:
A:
tail-clipping:
ad,lab,math,gym,biz,bikeB:
head-clipping:
shute,phon,plane,quakeC:
headandtailclipping:
fridge,flu,tec,PatternV.Acronym,theformationofanewwordfromtheinitiallettersofaphrase:
radar:
radiodetectingandranginglaser:
light-waveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationAIDS:
acquiredimmunitydeficiencysyndrome知道这些词是哪些词的缩写吗:
UFO,UNESCO,VIP,WHO,NATO,OPEC,ASEAN,PatternVI.Formationofwordsfrompropernouns:
watt,hertz,volt,ampere,champagne,waterloo,water-gate,xerox,Reaganomics,Thatcherismtoclintontolewenski,Next,letsgotothenextlevelofgrammar:
thephraselevel.,C)Phrases(短语、词组),PhrasesofEnglish,PrepP,NPVPAdjPAdvP“P”means“phrase”.,1.NP(nounphrase名词短语):
中心语为名词,(det.)+(modifier)+Noun+(modifier)e.g.:
alazyboystillasleeptheearthquakeofRichtermagnitude7withtheepicenteratYaanthehottesthotpotthatIhaveevertastedsinceIcametoSichuan,NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:
deadpresidentsweatwaterblinddatehandwritingonthewalldrygoods,NPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:
deadpresident:
美钞sweatwater:
淡水blinddate:
男女初次会面(他人安排)handwritingonthewall:
不祥之兆drygoods:
(美)纺织品;(英)谷物,2.VP(verbphrase动词短语):
中心语为动词simpleVP:
MainVerb+(modifier)e.g.:
IhateEnglishgrammarplexVP:
Auxiliary+MainVerb+(mod.),e.g.:
Isleptawaytheclass.IwouldhavebeentoWenchuanasavolunteerworker,ifIhadnot,hadtogotoschoolnow.,FiniteVP:
(affectedbytense,orperson)e.g.:
Theboyeatsthestone.Theboyatethestone.Theboyshaveeatenthestone.InfiniteVP:
(unaffectedbytense,orperson)e.g.:
YouarethelastpersonIwanttosee.Kissedbymosquitoes,Ifeel/feltitchy.,VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:
topulloneslegtobringdownthehousetoknockonessocksoffHeiseasilytakenin.Seethefollowingpagefortheanswers.,VPsthatmightbemisinterpreted:
topullonesleg:
开某人的玩笑tobringdownthehouse:
震耳欲聋的声响topulluponessocks:
鼓起勇气Heiseasilytakenin.:
他极易上当受骗。
3.AdjP(adjectivephrase形容词短语):
(modifier)+Adjective+(compliment)e.g.:
TheCollegeEntranceExaminationsofthisyearwereextremelyeasy.Englishgrammarlearningistooboringtobeenjoyable.Iammorethanhappytoacceptyourinvitationtodinner.,4.AdvP(adverbphrase副词短语):
(modifier)+Adverb+(modifier)e.g.:
WelivefarawayfromdowntownChengdu.Goodtablemannermeansthatyouhavetoeatinsuchawaythatnonoiseemits.,5.PrepP(prepositionalphrase介词短语):
(modifier)+preposition+complimente.g.:
Dontbeagiantofwords,butadwarfofdeeds.Boysr