最好的雅思写作素材.docx

最好的雅思写作素材.docx

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最好的雅思写作素材

WorldHeritage

IfyouthinkaboutSites,youprobablythinkofplacesassociatedwithancientartandculture,historicalbuildingsandmonuments.Andofcourse,manyoftheseareontheWorldHeritageList.Remainsofancientcultures,likeCuzcoinPeru,AngkorinCambodia,orthefamousrockcityofPetrainJordan.Oroldcitycentres,suchasRomeinItaly,orSana'ainYemen.Orplacesofartisticorculturalsignificance,liketheStonehengestonecircleinEngland,ortheTsodilorockpaintingsintheKalahariDesertinBotswana.ButTheWorldHeritageListcontainsalotofsitesthatarenotsoobvious.Someofthemarewellknown.Forexample,theGalápagosIslands,whichinspiredDarwin'stheoriesofevolution,ortheVictoriaFallswaterfallsinAfrica,andtheGrandCanyonintheUnitedStates.CitadelofHaitiThesemonumentswerebuiltattheendofthenineteenthcenturywhenHaitibecameindependentandthemanythousandsofblackslavesinHaitiwerefreeforthefirsttime.Theseex-slavesbuiltthemonuments,whichTheWorldHeritageList（WHL）describesas'auniversalsymbolofliberty'.RobbenIslandinSouthAfricaThisislandwasusedthroughthecenturiesasaprison,ahospitalandamilitarybase.Butit'sprobablymostfamousasamaximum-securityprisonforpoliticalprisonersinthetwentiethcentury.NelsonMandelawasoneofitsmostfamousresidents.TheWHLsaysitrepresents'thetriumphofdemocracyandfreedomoveroppressionandracism'.BordersofFranceandSpainThisisanareaofgreatnaturalbeautyandthemountainshavemanyinterestinggeologicalformations.Butitisalsoanareaofsmallfarms.PeopletherestilluseatypeofagriculturethatusedtobecommoninmountainousareasofEuropebuthasalmostcompletelydisappearedinmoderntimes.TheWHLhaslistedthesitebecauseitshowsusabout'pastEuropeansocietythroughitslandscapeofvillages,farms,fields,uplandpasturesandmountainroads.'AltoDouro,PortugalThisisanareaintheNorthofPortugalwherewinehasbeenproducedforthousandsofyears.Nowadaysitisworldfamousforthe'portwine'thatisproducedthere.TheWHLsaysthatthislongtraditionofwinemaking'hasproducedaculturallandscapeofoutstandingbeautythatreflectsitstechnological,socialandeconomicevolution.'So,theWorldHeritageListisn'tonlyaboutancientmonumentsandbuildings.It'salsoconcernedwithtechnology,naturalbeauty,wildlifeandtraditionalwaysoflife.

发展中国家的定义和概况

The"ThirdWorld"isanexpressionthatisnowconsiderednottobepoliticallycorrect,asithasconnotationsof"thirdclass",i.e.ofbeingsomehowinferiortothe"FirstWorld"or"SecondWorld".Nowadays,weprefertospeakabout"developed"and"developing"nations.

ThirdWorld,thetechnologicallylessadvanced,ordeveloping,nationsofAsia,Africa,andLatinAmerica,generallycharacterizedaspoor,havingeconomiesdistortedbytheirdependenceontheexportofprimaryproductstothedevelopedcountriesinreturnforfinishedproducts.Thesenationsalsotendtohavehighratesofilliteracy,disease,andpopulationgrowthandunstablegovernments.ThetermThirdWorldwasoriginallyintendedtodistinguishthenonalignednationsthatgainedindependencefromcolonialrulebeginningafterWorldWarIIfromtheWesternnationsandfromthosethatformedtheformerEasternbloc,andsometimesmorespecificallyfromtheUnitedStatesandfromtheformerSovietUnion（thefirstandsecondworlds,respectively）.ForthemostpartthetermhasnotincludedChina.Politically,theThirdWorldemergedattheBandungConference（1955）,whichresultedintheestablishmentoftheNonalignedMovement.Numerically,theThirdWorlddominatestheUnitedNations,butthegroupisdiverseculturallyandincreasinglyeconomically,anditsunityisonlyhypothetical.Theoil-richnations,suchasSaudiArabia,Kuwait,andLibya,andthenewlyemergedindustrialstates,suchasTaiwan,SouthKorea,andSingapore,havelittleincommonwithdesperatelypoornations,suchasHaiti,Chad,andAfghanistan."

StatisticsonPovertyandInequality

ByJeffGatesMay1999

"Thispagelooksatincreasingworldwideinequality.Whileboomingstockmarkets,giantmergersandfranticfinancialspeculationprovidehugerewardstoatinyminority,themajorityoftheworld'speoplearenotenjoyingmuchbenefitfromtheneoliberalsystemofgrowthanddevelopment.Formany,infact,livingstandardshavestagnatedordeclined,whiletheburdenofworkandinsecurityhavegrown.Thesematerialsconsidertheconsequencesofincomeinequalityaswellastheincreasingconcentrationofwealthbothwithinandbetweennations."

TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram（UNDP）reportedin1998thattheworld's225richestpeoplenowhaveacombinedwealthof$1trillion.That'sequaltothecombinedannualincomeoftheworld's2.5billionpoorestspeople.WhileglobalGNPgrew40percentbetween1970and1985（suggestingwideningprosperity）,thenumberofpoorgrewby17percent.Although200millionpeoplesawtheirincomesfallbetween1965and1980,morethan1billionpeopleexperiencedadropfrom1980to1993.Threedecadesago,thepeopleinwell-to-docountrieswere30timesbetteroffthanthoseincountrieswherethepoorest20percentoftheworld'speoplelive.By1998,thisgaphadwidenedto82times（upfrom61timessince1996）.In1998,that20percentoftheworld'speoplelivinginthehighest-incomecountriesaccountedfor86percentoftotalprivateconsumptionexpenditureswhilethepoorest20percentaccountedforonly1.3percent.That'sdownfrom2.3percentthreedecadesago.Atpresent,3billionpeopleliveonlessthan$2perdaywhile1.3billiongetbyonlessthan$1perday.Seventypercentofthoselivingonlessthan$1perdayarewomen.Withglobalpopulationexpanding80millionperyear,WorldBankPresidentJamesD.Wolfensohncautionsthat,unlessweaddress"thechallengeofinclusion,"30yearshencewewillhave5billionpeoplelivingonlessthan$2perday.

援助的作用：

UNDPcalculatesthatanannual4percentlevyontheworld's225mostwell-to-dopeople（average1998wealth:

$4.5billion）wouldsufficetoprovidethefollowingessentialsforallthoseindevelopingcountries:

adequatefood,safewaterandsanitation,basiceducation,basichealthcareandreproductivehealthcare.Atpresent,160ofthoseindividualsliveinOECDcountries;60resideintheUnitedStates.

In1982,inclusionontheForbes400listofrichestAmericansrequiredpersonalwealthof$91million.Thelistthenincluded13billionaires.By1998,$500millionwasrequiredandthelistincluded189billionaires.Note,however,thatForbes1998figureswerebasedonaSeptember1,1998Dow-JonesIndustrialAverageof7827.TheDowtopped10,000inearly1999.Spendingonluxurygoodsgrewby21percentfrom1995to1996whileoverallmerchandisesalesgrewonly5percent.

自由贸易、援助发展中国家

ThecollapseoftradenegotiationsinCancinmid-Septembertriggeredmuchanguishedcommentary.Intherun-uptothiscrucialWorldTradeOrganizationmeeting,expectationshadrisensharply.ManyexpectedadealtoreduceWesternagriculturesubsidiesandtolowerbarrierstogreaterfoodtrade.Freetraders,WorldBankofficials,andevenNGOsseemedalltoagreethatthiscombinationofmeasureswouldhelpcombattheruralpovertyplaguingmuchofthedevelopingworld.CuttingsubsidieswouldhelpleveltheplayingfieldforfarmersfromtheglobalSouth.Greateragriculturalexportswouldthenboostfarmers?

incomes.

Isliberalizedtradeatonicthateliminatestheneedformoreforeignaid?

Nodoubt,somehopethatitis.Foreignaidhasdeclinedinthe1990s,fromabout$73billionin1992to$57billionin2002.Thisisfarfromthelofty1970sgoalofprovidingtheequivalentof0.7percentofGDPinaidmoney.Mostoftherichnationsneverevencameclosetothattarget.Today,onlyabout0.2percentofGNPismadeavailable;theUnitedStatesfindsitselfatthebottomoftheleaguewithamere0.1percent.

Thedeclineactuallycameontheheelsoffreshpromisesmadeatthe1992RioEarthsummit.DonorgovernmentsmadenewcommitmentstoincreasingtheirofficialdevelopmentassistanceattheInternationalConferenceonFinancingforDevelopmentinMonterrey,Mexico,inMarch2002.Butevenifthesepromisesarefulfilled梐bigif梩heywouldstillleaveaidflowsbelowthe1992levelof0.33percent.

Freetradeandloweredsubsidiestotherescue?

Thelobbyforunencumberedtradehastraditionallyprovenfarstrongerthantheforcesinfavorofslashingsubsidies.Inthepost-WorldWarIIera,successiveroundsoftradetalksloweredtariffsandtoredownmoreandmoreimpedimentstotrade.TheestablishmentoftheWorldTradeOrganizationin1995signaledthattradepromotiontookprecedenceoverotherglobalconcernssuchaslaborrightsandenvironmentalstability.

Whatisthelikelyconsequenceofliberalizedtradeundersuchconditions?

Agribusinessisabletodumpproductsatpricesfarbelowthecostofproduction,asisevidentfromtheconsequencesoftheNAFTAagreement.MexicofacesafloodofartificiallycheapU.S.corn,whichmaybegoodnewsforurbanconsumers,buthasdevastatingeffectsinruralareas.

Ahandfulofbigfarmersindevelopingnationsmaywellmanagetocompeteontheworldmarket.Butmillionsofsmallfarmerswillbedisplaced.Ruralupheavalwilltriggergreatermigrationtocities（andmoreillegalmigrantstotheUnitedStatesandotherindustrialcountries）.Butmanycitiesarealreadyunabletoprovideadequatesocialservicestotheirburgeoningpopulations.Thelackofjobs,inparticular,maywellcontributetogrowinginstabilityandmaynourishviolentconflict.

Butan