国际贸易合同 2.docx

国际贸易合同 2.docx

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国际贸易合同2

BusinessEnglish

Lecture1ContractforInternationalSaleofGoods

ØDefinitionofcontract

ØContractforInternationalSaleofGoods

ØFormofcontractforInternationalSaleofGoods

ØLawapplicabletocontractfortheInternationalSaleofgoods

ØContract:

合同

ØContractforInternationalSaleofGoods:

国际货物买卖合同

ØFormofContract:

合同形式；

ØPromise:

允诺

ØMeetingofminds/Mutualassents:

合意/意思表示一致；

ØAgreement:

协议

ØPlaceofbusiness:

营业地

ØCISG:

《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》

Definitionofcontract

ØContractis“apromiseorasetofpromises”forthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy.

ØContractisa“meetingofmindsormutualassent”withwhichonepersonormoreisobligedtogiveathing,todoornottodoathingtoonepersonormorepersons.

Øcontractisalegallybindingagreement,oranagreementcreatinganobligation.Thesubstanceofthedefinitionofacontractisthatbymutualagreementorassent,thepartiescreateenforceabledutiesorobligations.

ContractforInternationalSaleofGoods

Øanagreementbetweentwopartieswhoseplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries,underwhich“oneparty（theseller）isboundtodeliverthegoodsandtransferthepropertyinthegoodssoldandtheotherparty（thebuyer）isobligedtopaythepriceandacceptthegoods.

Ø1.International:

placeofbusinessprinciple

Ø2.Sale:

deliveringthegoodsandtransferringthepropertyinthegoods;payingpriceandacceptingthegoods

Ø3.Goods:

movablepropertyorpersonalproperty

ØSeller,inStateA,enteredintonegotiationswithbuyerinStateBforacomplexandimportantcontractforthemanufactureofmachinery.Tocompletethenegotiations,sellersentseniorofficialsandasupportingstufftothecityinStateBwherebuyerhaditsheadquarters.Seller’srepresentativesrentedasuiteofroomsforamonth;mostofthenegotiationsandthefinalexecutionofthecontracttookplaceinthatsuite.

ØQuestion:

Aretheplacesofbusinessareindifferentcountries?

ContractforInternationalSaleofGoods

ØAnalysis:

TheplaceofbusinessinCISGshouldbeconstruedtomeanapermanentandregularplaceforthetransactingofgeneralbusiness,andwouldnotincludeatemporaryplaceofsojourn（逗留、旅居）duringadhoc（特别、专门）negotiations.Sotheplacesofbusinesstothepartiesareindifferentcountries.

FormofcontractforInternationalsaleofgoods

ØItmeanswhetheracontractismadeinwritingororally

ØNoformrequiredinCISG

Ø（CISGart.11）Acontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Itmaybeprovedbyanymeans,includingwitnesses.

FormofcontractforInternationalsaleofgoods

ØSabateFrancesoldwinecorkstoChateau,awineryinCanada.ThesaletookplacethroughSabate’sCaliforniasubsidiary,SabateUSA.Intalks,Sabateclaimedthatthecorkswouldnotdistortthetasteofwine.Thepartiesagreedbytelephoneonthequantity,price,paymentandshippingterms.Noothertermswerediscussed,andthepartieshadneverdonebusinessbefore.Afterasecondorder,totalingelevenshipments,atotalof1.2millioncorkshadbeensold.Aninvoiceaccompaniedeachshipmentstatingthat“AnydisputearisingunderthepresentcontractisunderthesolejurisdictionoftheCityofPerpignan.”Chateautookdelivery,remittedpayment,andafterbottlingthewine,discoveredthatthecorkhadtaintedthewine’sflavor.WhenChateausuedforbreachofwarranty,SabatearguedthattheforumselectionclauserequiredthatthecasebeheardinFrance.Chateaucountered,claimingthatavalidandenforceableverbalcontracthadalreadyexisted,andthatthesubsequentforumselectionclausewasnotapartofit.

FormofcontractforInternationalsaleofgoods

ØAnalysis:

TheverbalcontractforthepurchaseofcorkswasvalidandbindingunderCISG,becausethecontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedbywritingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.Theattemptbythesellertolaterincludeanewandmaterialterm（theforumselectionclause）intheinvoiceswasnoteffective.Thebuyerdidnotassenttothenewtermsimplybyreceivingandpayingforthegoods.

LawapplicabletocontractforInternationalsaleofgoods

ØConventiononContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods（CISG）,whichwasmadebyU.N.CommissiononInternationalTradeLaw（UNCITRAL）in1970’s

ØIn1980,CISGwaspassedbydiplomaticconference.

ØUnlikemanyotherU.N.codesthatarenotbinding,theCISGisaconventionoragreementamongnationsthatisbindingoncethelegislatureofacountryadoptsit.

ØAround70countrieshavejoinedit,butuptonow,UKhasnotratifiedityet.

Lecture2:

Enteringintothecontract:

offer

ØOffer：

要约

ØWithdrawalofoffer：

要约的撤回

ØRevocationofoffer：

要约的撤销

ØLapse：

失效

ØExpressionofintent：

意思表示

ØInvitationoffer：

要约邀请

ØWhatisoffer

ØTherequirementofanoffer

ØWhenanofferbecomeseffective

ØThewithdrawalofanoffer

ØTherevocationofanoffer

ØLapseofanoffer

DearSirs 

Subject:

100%CashmereSweaters 

ThankyouverymuchforyourenquiryofApril1forour100%CashmereSweaters. 

WearenowmakingyouafirmoffersubjecttoyourreplyreachingusbeforeApril30,2005:

Men’slargeUS$50.00perpiece

Ditto（同上）mediumUS$48.00perpiece

DittosmallUS$45.00perpiece

TheabovepricesarebasedonCIFVancouverbasisnet.

Payment:

ByconfirmedirrevocableL/Cpayablebydraftatsight. 

Shipment:

June/July,2005providedtheL/Creachestheselleronemonthbeforethetimeofshipment.

1.Whatisoffer

ØAnofferisanexpressionofanintenttoenterintoacontractwithanotherperson

ØE.g.Weofferyou2,000dozenMen’sShirtsatUS$54perdozen,net,CIFNewYork,shipmentAugust,termsofpaymentbyanirrevocableL/C.

2.Therequirementofanoffer

Ø1.itshouldbeaddressedtooneormorespecificpersons;

Ø2.Anoffermustbesufficientlydefinite

•Itshallincludemainconditionsofacontract.（CISGart14）

•

（1）indicatesthegoods；

•

（2）specifiesthequantityordeterminablequantity；

•（3）specifiesthepriceordeterminablepriceofthegoods

ØOnJune1,BuyertelexedSeller,“Canyoushipme1,000balesofNo.1cotton?

”Sellerreplied,“Acceptedyouroffer.Cottonat$110perbalewillbeshippedJuly1”.Buyerresponded,“Mytelexwasonlyaninquiry,Cannotagreetoyourterms”.Selleranswered,“Acceptedyourofferandwillholdyoutothecontract.”Arethepartiesboundtothecontract?

ØAnalysis:

Thepartiesarenotboundtothecontract.UnderCISGarticle14

（1）,Buyer’s“proposal”maynotbeconstruedasan“offer”:

itwasnot“sufficientlydefinite”becauseitdidn’t“expresslyorimplicitly”fixormake“provisionfordetermine…theprice”

Ø（3）Toindicatetheintentiontobebound

•itshallbebindingontheofferorassoonasitisacceptedbyofferee.

DearSirs 

Subject:

100%CashmereSweaters 

ThankyouverymuchforyourenquiryofApril1forour100%CashmereSweaters. 

WearenowmakingyouafirmoffersubjecttoyourreplyreachingusbeforeApril30,2005:

Men’slargeUS$50.00perpiece

Ditto（同上）mediumUS$48.00perpiece

dittosmallUS$45.00perpiece

TheabovepricesarebasedonCIFVancouverbasisnet.

Payment:

ByconfirmedirrevocableL/Cpayablebydraftatsight. 

Shipment:

June/July,2005providedtheL/Creachestheselleronemonthbeforethetimeofshipment.

•Pleasequoteus（yourlowestprice）for2000dozenmen’s100%CashmereSweaters.

•Invitationoffer

ØInvitationoffer（alsocalled“invitation”or“invitationtotreat”）

ØItmeansthatonepartyismerelyinvitingoffers,whichheisthenfreetoacceptorreject.

ØGenerally,theauctions,advertisementsetc.areinvitation.

3whenanofferbecomeseffective

ØCISG（art.15para.1）:

Anofferbecomeseffectivewhenitreachestheofferee.

•theofferreachestheoffereeonceitisdeliveredtoeithertotheoffereepersonallyortoitsplaceofbusinessor（electronic）mailingaddress.（undertheofferee’scontrol）

※Thereisnoneedtocomeintothehandsoftheoffereeoractuallybereadbytheofferee.

4.Thewithdrawalofanoffer

•2.Theofferorisfreetochangehismindafterdispatchofofferbutpriortothetimetheofferreachestheofferee.

ØCISG（art.15para.2）:

Anoffer,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.

※Oncetheofferiswithdrawn,ithasneverbecomeeffective.

ØOnJune1sellermailedtobuyeraletterofferingtosellbuyerspecifiedgoodsatstatedprice.Theofferalsostated:

“thisofferisbindingandirrevocableuntilJuly1.”Aletterfromsellertobuyertakesaweekfordelivery.OnJune6,beforebuyerreceivedseller’sJune1letter,sellerphonedbuyerandsaid,“disregardtheletterthatImailedtoyouonJune1,Ihavedecidedtowithdrawtheoffercontainedintheletter.”Onreceiptofseller’sletterbuyerreplied“IacceptyourJune1offer.”

ØQuestion:

whethertheabovepartiesareboundbythecontract?

ØAnalysis:

Theabovepartiesarenotboundbythecontract,because,onJune6,theofferhadnotyetreachedtheofferee,andthereforewasnotyet“effective”.ThestatementthattheoffercouldnotberevokeduntilJuly1wouldhavebecomebinding,whenitreachedtheofferee.Buttheofferneverbecame“effective”becauseofthewithdrawalthatreachedtheoffereeinadvanceoftheoffer.

5.Therevocationofanoffer

Ø6.1Offersasarulerevocable:

ØCISGart.14

untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachesoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptance

ØIndicationofirrevocabilitycontainedintheoffer.

Øifiti