研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案.docx

研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案.docx

《研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案

2021年研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案

Section

UseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_

（1）_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has__

（2）_.

　Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_（3）__1,932uniquesubjectswhich__（4）__pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_（5）_.

While1%mayseem_（6）_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_（7）_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_（8）_ourkin.”

Thestudy_（9）_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.

Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow._（10）_,astheteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_（11）_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_（12）_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_（13）_”functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_（14）_!

　Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving_（15）_thanothergenes.Studyingthiscouldhelp_（16）_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_（17）_factor.

　Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople’s_（18）_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_（19）_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_（20）_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

　　1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

　　2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

　　3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

　　4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected

　　5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

　　6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unreliable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

　　8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

　　9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

　　10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

　　11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

　　12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

　　13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

　　14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits

　　15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

　　16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

　　17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

　　18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency

　　19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

Section

ReadingComprehension

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon’tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.SodoestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdays?

DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

　　TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarized,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFranco

regime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.

　　Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs’continuingpopularityasheadsofstate.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms（notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra）.ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

　　Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory—andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday—embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.

　　Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesses

haveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses（orhelicopters）.Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

　　WhileEurope’smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

　　ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy’sreputationwithherratherordinary（ifwell-heeled）grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice—asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchy’sworstenemies.

　　21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

　　[A]usedtoenjoyhighpublicsupport

　　[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

　　[C]easedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

　　[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

　　22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

　　[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

　　[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

　　[C]togivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupto

　　[D]duetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

　　23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

　　[A]Aristocrats’excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

　　[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

　　[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

　　[D]Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges

　　24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharles

　　[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

　　[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

　　[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

　　[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

　　25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthe

text?

　　[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

　　[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

　　[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

　　[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

　　JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?

TheSupremeCourtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

　　Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewandrapidlychangingtechnologies.

　　ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia’sadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersand

defendants.

　　TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia’slameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthroughasuspect’spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon’tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysiftthroughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone’ssmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee’sreadinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

　　Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitiveinformationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution’sprohibitiononunreasonablesearches.

　　Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprinciple

doesn’teasethechallengeofline-drawing.Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolicetocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

　　ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia’sargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution’sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:

Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.