工程管理中英文外文翻译.docx

工程管理中英文外文翻译.docx

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工程管理中英文外文翻译

本科生毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

题　　目建设项目管理——价值工程

姓　　名　　　　　　　　

学　　号　　　　

学　院　管理科学与工程学院　　　

专　　业　工程管理　　　　　　　

指导教师　　　　　　　　

ConstructionProjectManagement——ValueEngineering

By:

FredrickE.Gould.Nancy.E.Joyce

ABSTRACT

Valueengineeringisakindofintheworldprovedveryfruitfulwayofprojectmanagement.Inourcountry,withtheimprovementofsocialistmarketeconomy,valueengineering,whetherintheoreticalresearchorpracticalapplicationaspects,obtainedgreaterprogress,andisgraduallyappliedtoengineeringprojectmanagement.Duetotheconstructionoftheprojectdesignstageinvestmentisless,theownersoftenignoredthisphaseoftheapplicationofvalueengineering,butthepracticeproof,designphaseisthepossibilityofmanaginginvestmentthebiggeststage.Therefore,thispaperbasedonthedesignstageofaconstructionproject,studytheapplicationofvalueengineering.

KeyWords:

constructionproject;valueengineering;designstage

Valueengineeringandcostreductionareoftenconfused,sothatthevalueengineeringinthedesignerhadabadreputation,however,itisimportantthatvalueengineeringisaprocess,istoconsiderthecostofotherfactors,suchas:

lifecyclecost,quality,durabilityandmaintainability.Ontheotherhand,reducecost,thinkonlyreduced.Atthesametimetheyareinrelyonagivenstandardrole,weconsiderinthelargercontextofthestandard,whiletheotherreactionactivityisonlyforbudgetproblem.Theprojectteamshouldbeveryclearintheirprocessesareinvolvedin.Despitethetightbudgetreduceslifecost,theownersneedtoknowexactlywhatheorshebuys.Valueengineeringintheprocess,shouldtheownertoanothersystemreferencetobuyitemsorequivalentvaluesystemtoreducethecost.Inreducingcostinordertosavemoney,heorsheisoflittlevalueorrangeless.

Valueengineeringisalldesignedproductsintheactivepart.Valueengineeringisnotdoneenoughtime,reducecostbecomesnecessary.Valueengineeringprovidesa"betterreductionmode",andreducethecostcanbereducedbyengineeringqualityorquantity,savemoney.

Valueengineeringisnotlimitedtotheconstructionindustry,butinthebusinessworldtohelpanalysisistominimizethecostoftheoptimalvalueofobjecttechnologyandproducts.Thebestvalueisnotanintrinsicpropertyof.Foreachproject,ittakesonadifferentmeaning,ofteninothersimilarproductcomparison.Intheconstructionwhichiscomparabletomanyproducts,itisacomplicatedjob.Therefore,valueengineeringisasoneofthebestteamingoodoperation.Valueengineeringisoneofthereasonsfornegativetakedesignerssometimesfeel,architectureisameasureoftheirworkandsuggestions,damagetheitemaestheticquality.Intheprocessifthedesignerisanequalpartner,thisfeelingwillbereduced.Atthesametime,theownersneedtofullyunderstandthedesignideastomakethechoice,whenthetimecame,toaspecificrecommendationsforproperbalance,toacceptorreject.

Ownersofprofessionaldesignersandconstructionwiththehelpofsettingstandards.Ingeneral,thesestandardsaredividedintoseveralcategories:

bestcost,thebestoptimalfunctionandaestheticvalue.Determiningtheoptimalcostforlifecyclecostanalysistothebuilding,usingthemosteffectiveplayaroledefinition.Thebestaestheticvalue,canbedifficulttodetermine,butaswithotherimportantcriteria.Asanimportantemergencygeneratorcase,theteamfocusedoncostandfunction,buttheydonotconcernforaestheticvalues,becausethegeneratorwillbehiddenfromview.Ittakesthefirstconsiderthecost,durability,andreliability.Itsrolewillbeinaccordancewithsafetyrequirementsandthebuildingswithintheresidentsneedstodecide.Inacurtainwallsystem,theownerspayattentiontothecost,functionandaestheticvalue.Becausethesystemwillbethemainarchitecturalimage,aestheticvaluemaycostmorethantheweight,exceedingevenfunction.Theseareonlytheownercandecidetomakethefinal.

Includingvalueengineering,allitemsareredundant.Afterall,isnotadesignteamtoputtogetherthebestsolution,itfindstheoptimalsolutionwillsatisfytheowner'scost,functional,aestheticstandards.Ofcourse,agooddesignteamisdoing.However,everydesigncompanyestablishedculturealsoneedstobequestionedstandardpractice.Inthevalueengineeringintheprocess,hecoulddoit.Inaddition,someteamsmaybedealtwithassoonaspossibleinthedesignofthecase.Forexample,theownershouldacceleratethejobtogettheprojectstartedconstruction.Itspurposeistoreturntothepreviousfactandisnoteasytomakeadecisionbeforethestate.Valueengineeringtoensurethatsucherrorsdonotoccur.Anotherpossibilityisthat,theownershavevision,butdoesnotfullyexplaintothedesigner.Designerresponsemorecomplexity,tomeettheneedsoftheowners.Valueengineeringprocess,thiscomplexitywillbequestionedandclarification.

Buildingprofessionalsintheiroccupationcareerintocontactwithmanydesigncompany.Specificdesigncompanymaynotknowtheybroughtotherproductsandprocessesforminformation.Invalueengineering,theseideaswillbechecked,andwhereappropriate,setdown.Buildingprofessionalscaneasilyacquireaboutcertainproductavailabilityinformation.Ifaproductneedsaverylongdistancetransport,whichcanincreasethecostof.Maybetherearelocalproducts,canalsoachievethesamestandard.

Althoughthevalueengineeringintheprojectconstructionandevenintheconstructionindustryasawholeispale,themaximumvalueisobtainedintheearlierprocess:

fromonesystemtoanother,intheschedulehavehardlyanyeffect,andtheamountofredesignandredrawisminimized.However,intheearlystagesofdesign,toproduceanysavingdocumentisoneofthemostdifficult,becausethereareusuallynoformaldrawingsorplan.Themostrecognizableeffectsoccurintheschematicdiagramofthefinalandthedesignanddevelopmentstageofearly.Thereisenoughinformationontheideaofrationaljudgmentsystem.Ofcourse,mostofthesesavingscanbeachieved.Inconstructiondrawing,macroscopicalideaisalreadyinplace,andmostoftheideasembodiedinthefiledetails.

Duringtheconstructionprocess,valueengineeringeffortscontinue.Becausemakingchangestotheproject,designdevelopmentshouldfollowinthedesignphasetoassesschangesintheprocedure.Contractorscanalsointhefieldofapplicationofvalueengineeringprinciple,savemoneymethod,equipmentorsequenceofoperations.Whoachievethesefieldsgeneratedbysavingdependsontheformofcontract.

Somevalueengineeringoperationisinformal,thoughtheteammembersinfavorofthearrangementsandprocedures,theothersfollowamoreformalbyanotherpersonestablishedstandards,thefollowingisagoodvalueengineeringprojectisthemaincomponentof:

（1）Reviewthefieldidentification.Hecouldbeperformedseparately,aseachteammembercriticallyreviewsthedesigndrawingsandspecifications.

Theideawasconceived,concerninthedesignfieldinthisperiodoftime,canusethenewproductorprocess,materialtheuseofdifferentstrengths,simplifythesystem,ortoprocessingdetails.

（2）Brainstormteammemberssittingtogetherwithidealistandtossingideasletotherstoaccept,theideaistogetasmanyideasaspossibleonthedesktop.Asdiscussedinthecontextofmembersshouldbethoughtfromtheothersandmanyhavespecialideasinspired.

（3）Eachoftheproposedanalysis.TheGroupdeterminesthestandardstoevaluateeachidea.Discussionofalternativesinthebrainstormingsessionswithstandardtest.Herethebrainstormingsession,costsareusuallynotconsideredfirst.Onceaproposalinthefunctionalrequirementsbasedonthemerits,andthencalculatethecost,involvesaconsiderableamountoftimeandenergy.Itisakeepingbrainstormingfocusonfunctionaloutcomeandreducecosts.

（4）Reporttomanagement.Theteamwillbealltheideaofputtingitalltogether.Whenpresentedwithmoreandmoreinformationisavailable,somemaybeinotherphasesoftheprojectcarriedoutadetailedanalysis.Somehavebeenteamprovidesarationaleforrejected,someinstantrecommendation.Allthetopicsfordiscussion,whethertorejectorapprove,shouldkeepsomeforlaterreference.

Whenthecostofcomputingworkbegins,theteamcanhavealooksimplefirstcost,butalsocanviewthelifecyclecostproposal.Iftheproposalinfirstcostonthebasisofsoundwords,lifecyclecost,maynotbecomplete,butthedangeris,firstcostmaynotbeincorporatedintotheoverallsavingsworkduringthelifeofstructures.Therefore,itisbesttoconsiderthelifecyclecost,figure6.5showsthefirstcostandlifecyclecostdifferencesbetween.

Lifecyclecostinbuildingorconstructionsystemintheinitialstudylife,operationandmaintenancecosts,andfutureinterests.Priortothisanalysiscanbeapplied,assumptionsaremadeabouttheunderconstructionqualityexpectations,limitationsoftheprocedure,aswellasprospectivepredictorsofcostofcapital.Lifecyclecostcanhelpthedesignteamdecidedtosetsystemdesign,site,materialsusedinconstruction,andtheinvestmentofmoney.Itcanbeusedtobuildorrebuildproject.Intheproject,thefirstproblemis,whetherthebuildingswereremovedorretained.Ifyouhavedecidedtokeepthebuilding,thenextquestionishowtoscalerenovationtomeetexpectations.Theseanalysescangothroughalifecyclecostanalysis.

Thegoalistofind,givesometomeettheneedsofcustomersalternatives,whichcos