Applied Linguistics and its research methods应用语言学研究方法.docx

Applied Linguistics and its research methods应用语言学研究方法.docx

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AppliedLinguisticsanditsresearchmethods应用语言学研究方法

AppliedLinguisticsanditsresearchmethods

⏹I.CourseOverview

⏹Ⅱ.TypesofResearchinFLLandFLT

⏹Ⅲ.HowtoSelectaTopicforResearch

⏹Ⅳ.SomeProceduresforDatacollection

⏹Ⅴ.Survey

⏹Ⅵ.Classroomobservationandcasestudies

⏹Ⅶ.ExperimentMethod

⏹Ⅷ.DataAnalysis

⏹Ⅸ.DoingResearch

I.CourseOverview

1.CourseName:

ResearchMethodsinForeignLanguageLearningandTeaching

2.Whythiscourse?

1）ProblemsfoundinthecontributionstothekeyjournalsofFLT

2）ApreparatorycourseforB.A.thesiswriting

3.CourseObjectives:

1）TohelplearnersunderstandresearchinFLLandFLTsothattheycanviewitcritically

2）Totrainthelearnertobecomeeducationalresearchers

4.CourseMaterials:

1）Required

①Nunan,D.1992．ResearchMethodsinLanguageLearning.CUP.

②刘润清，1999．外语教学中的科研方法．北京：

外语教学与研究出版社

③何广铿，2002．英语教学研究：

理论和实践．广州：

高等教育出

④PapersfromJournals.

2）Recommended

⏹Brown,J.D.1988.UnderstandingResearchinSecondLanguageLearning.CUP.

⏹Wallace,M.J1998.ActionResearchforLanguageTeachers.CUP.

⏹林连书.2001.应用语言学实验方法,广州：

中山大学出版社.

⏹马广惠,2003.外国语言学及应用语言学统计方法.西安:

西北农林科技大学出版社.

5.Requirements:

1）Reading2）Classdiscussion3）Classroomexam（writeareviewarticle）

6.MethodsfortheCourse:

1）Reading2）Discussion3）Reporting4）Lecturing

Ⅱ.TypesofResearchinFLLandFLT

1.L1,L2andFL

2.Whatisresearch?

1）Richardsetal’sdefinition:

⏹thestudyofanevent,problemorphenomenonusingsystematicandobjectivemethods,inordertounderstanditbetterandtodevelopprinciplesandtheoriesaboutit.

2）Nunan’sdefinition:

⏹asystematicprocessofinquiryconsistingofthreeelementsorcomponents:

（1）aquestion,problem,orhypothesis,

（2）data,（3）analysisandinterpretationofdata.

3.ResearchinFLLandFLT

⏹SystematicprocessofinquiryintotheproblemsofFLTandFLL.Itconsists3components,i.e.problems,questionsorhypotheses;data;andanalysisandinterpretationofdata.

4.TypesofResearchinFLLandFLT

1）Qualitativevsquantitative何广铿P.85表5-1

定性方法和定量方法比较

定性方法

定量方法

1.自然观察

2.现象学观点：

“站在活动者本人的角度去了解人类行为。

”

3.归纳

4.综合

5.描述性

6.操纵和控制

7.逻辑实证主义观点：

“对社会现象事实和原因的了解无需考虑个人的主观状态。

”

8.演绎

9.分析

10.推断性

（引自：

桂诗春，宁春岩1997）

Qualitativevsquantitative

Qualitativeresearch

Quantitativeresearch

1.Naturalisticanduncontrolledobservation

2.Concernedwithunderstandinghumanbehaviourfromtheactor’sownframeofreference

3.inductive

4.synthetic

5.descriptive

1.Obtrusiveandcontrolledmeasurement

2.Seeksfactsorcausesofsocialphenomenawithoutregardtothesubjectivestatesoftheindividuals

3.deductive

4.analytic

5.inferential

2）Chaudron’sclassification

（1）Psychometric（experimental）

⏹Psychometricinvestigationsseektodeterminelanguagegainsfromdifferentmethodsandmaterialsthroughtheuseofthe‘experimentalmethod’

（2）Interactionanalysis

⏹Interactionanalysisinclassroomsettingsinvestigatessuchrelationshipsastheextenttowhichlearnerbehaviourisafunctionofteacher-determinedinteraction,andutilizesvariousobservationsystemsandschedulesforcodingclassroominteractions.

（3）Discourseanalysis

⏹Discourseanalysisanalysesclassroomdiscourseinlinguistictermsthroughthestudyofclassroomtranscriptswhichtypicallyassignutterancestopredeterminedcategories.

（4）Ethnography

⏹Ethnographyseekstoobtaininsightsintotheclassroomasaculturalsystemthroughnaturalistic,‘uncontrolled’observationanddescription.

A．Casestudy

3）Brown’s

（1）Primarya.Survey

classificationB．Statistical

（2）Secondaryb.Experimental

Secondaryresearch—kindofresearchbasedonsecondarysources（e.g.books,paperaboutlg.learningwrittenbyotherscholars）.

⏹Primaryresearch—researchderivedfromtheprimarysource.

4）Actionresearch

Actionresearchisaformofself-reflectiveenquiryundertakenbyparticipantsinsocial（includingeducationalsituationsinordertoimprovetherationalityandjusticeof

a.theirownsocialoreducationalpractices

b.theirunderstandingofthesepractices,and

c.thesituations（andinstitutions）inwhichthesepracticesarecarriedout.（Kemmis&Taggart,1982:

5）

5.Typesofresearchinthiscourse

1）Observation

（1）Openobservation

（2）Participantobservation

2）Survey

（1）Interview

（2）Questionnaire

3）Casestudy

4）Experimental

（1）Singlegroupdesigns

（2）Designusingcontrolgroups

5）Actionresearch

Ⅲ.HowtoSelectaTopicforResearch

1.Sourcesforgeneralquestions

1）Fromone’sexperienceandinterests

（1）Rubin’sandStern’sResearch

⏹Certainpeopleappearedtobeendowedwithabilitiestosucceed,otherslackedthoseabilities.ThisobservationledRubin（1975）andStern（1975）todescribe“good”languagelearnersintermsofpersonalcharacteristics,styles,andstrategies.Rubin（RubinandThompson1982）latersummarizedfourteensuchcharacteristics.Goodlanguagelearners

①findtheirownway,takingchargeoftheirlearning.

②organizeinformationaboutlanguage.

③arecreative,developinga“feel”forthelanguagebyexperimentingwithitsgrammarandwords.

④maketheirownopportunitiesforpracticeinusingthelanguageinsideandoutsidetheclassroom.

⑤learntolivewithuncertaintybynotgettingflusteredandbycontinuingtotalkorlistenwithoutunderstandingeveryword.

⑥usemnemonicsandothermemorystrategiestorecallwhathasbeenlearned.

⑦makeerrorsworkforthemandnotagainstthem.

⑧uselinguisticknowledge,includingknowledgeoftheirfirstlanguage,inlearningasecondlanguage.

⑨usecontextualcuestohelpthemincomprehension.

⑩learntomakeintelligentguesses…

（2）Bailey’sResearch（SandSp.47）

⏹Bailey（1983）recordedinadiaryherownexperiencesoflearningFrenchasaforeignlanguage.Shenoticedevidenceofcompetitivenessandanxietyinherwriting,whichraisedquestionsinhermindaboutwhethersuchfeelingswerefacilitativeornot.Shethenrelatedtheseexperiencestootherliteraturedealingwithcompetitivenessandanxietyinsecondlanguagelearning.Teachers,similarly,maywishtokeepdiariesofthingsobservedinalanguagelessonorofanystudentbehaviorsthatseemtohavesomeeffectonlanguagelearning.

（3）WangQiang王蔷等（2001,2002）

（4）YangYang&PengJinxiu杨阳、彭锦秀（2004）

2.ConsiderationsinSelectingtopics

1）Youshouldhaveapersonalinterestinthetopicyouselect.

2）ThetopicshouldbeimportantandshouldmakeadifferenceinsomeaspectofAl.

3）Itismoreexcitingtoexploretopicsthatmayleadtonewinformation.

4）Youhaveenoughtimetocompletethetopic.

5）Thedifficultyofthetopicshouldbeconsidered.

2）Fromother’sresearch

（1）QiLuXia’sresearch（亓鲁霞的研究）

（2）NieYuehua聂越华（2004）（3）FengJing冯晶（2005）

3.Topicselectionbyliteraturereviewandanalysisoffeasibility

1）Reviewallpossibleliterature

（1）FunctionsofLR

⏹ThefunctionofLR.istoprovidebackgroundinformationontheresearchquestions,andtoidentifywhatothershavesaidand/ordiscoveredaboutthequestionsothatyourcut-offpointisclear.

（2）Placesforsourcesofinformation

A.Scholarlybooks（e.g.Celce-Murcia,2001）

B.Keyjournals（e.g.AppliedLinguistics,外语教学与研究，中小学外语教学）

2）Raisequestionsaboutthefeasibility

（1）Howcantheanswertothegeneralquestionbefound?

Whatdoesitentail?

Willfindingtheanswernecessitatesettingupanexperiment?

Willitrequirethedevelopmentofatestorasurveyquestionnaire?

（2）Doestheresearcherhavetheprerequisitebackgroundknowledgetoinvestigatethequestion?

Isaknowledgeoflinguisticsorsociolinguisticsnecessary?

Howmuchstatisticalanalysisappearstobeinvolved?

Willsomeonewithmoreexpertiseberequired?

Ifthestudyistoberelatedtootherperipheralareas,howmuchresearchshouldbedonebeforeproceedingtothenextphase?

（3）Arethetermsandconceptsusedintheformulationofthegeneralquestiondefinedclearlyandconsistently?

Aretheconceptsandtermsusedinawaythatisconsistentwithhowotherresearchershaveusedthem?

（4）Whatlogisticalandpracticalproblemscanbeanticipated?

Ifthegeneralquestionasksaboutthelanguageacquisitionofchildrenoradults,willtheresearcherhaveaccesstothenumberofsubjectsrequiredtoinvestigatethequestion?

Isitnecessary,willtherebeaccesstocomputertimeandassistance?

WilltheresearcherneedtobetrainedintheuseofcomputerstatisticalanalysissuchasSPSSorSAS?

Ⅳ.SomeProceduresinDataCollection

1.SubjectSelection2.ExtraneousVariablesControl

3.HypothesisFormulation4.ExperimentalandcontrolgroupSetting-up

1.SubjectSelection

1）Subject:

anindividualwhoisstudiedinaresearchproject.

2）PopulationandSamples

①Population

⏹anysetofitemsorindividualsetc.whichsharesomecommonandobservablecharacteristicswhichasamplecanbetaken.

②Sample:

⏹anygroupofindividualswhichisselectedtorepresentapopulation.

③Sampling:

theprocedureofselectingasample

A.simplerandomsampling.

⏹Inthesimplerandomsampling,alltheindividualsofthedefinedpopulationhaveanequalandindependentchanceofbeingselectedasamemberofthesample.Independentmeanstheselectionofoneindividualdoesnotaffectinanywaytheselectionofanyotherindividual.

⏹Wemayusedifferentprocedurestodothise.g.usingtherandomnumbertable.

B.Systematicsampling

⏹Itisusedtoobtainasamplefromadefinedpopulation.Thistechniquecanbeusedifallmembersinadefinedpopulationhavealreadybeenplacedonalistinrandomorder.

⏹Forexample,wewanttoselect100pupilsfrom10