研究生英语阅读教程(基础级第二版)1-10课文及课后习题答案翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx

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ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh...thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered...verygreatlyatrisk.（p141）

Someyearsearlier,in1992,RobertPhillipson,EnglishacademicwhocurrentlyworksinDenmark,publishedwithOxfordabookentitledLinguisticImperialism.Init,hearguedthatthemajorEnglish-speakingcountries,theworldwideEnglish-languageteachingindustry,andnotablytheBritishCouncilpursuepoliciesoflinguisticaggrandisement.Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguicism（aconditionparallelto（equalto/similarto）racismandsexism）.AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"

white"

English-speakingworld,have[bydesign（=deliberate）ordefault（=mistake）]encouragedoratleasttolerated—andcertainlyhavenotopposed—thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.

[2]PhillipsonhimselfworkedforsomeyearsfortheBritishCouncil,andheisnotaloneamongAnglophoneacademicswhohavesoughttopointupthedangersofEnglishasaworldlanguage.TheinternationalizationofEnglishhasinthelastfewdecadesbeenwidelydiscussedintermsofthreegroups:

first,theENLcountries,whereEnglishisanativelanguage（thisgroupalsobeingknownasthe"

innercircle"

）;

second,theESLcountries,whereEnglishisasecondlanguage（the"

outercircle"

andthird,theEFLcountries,whereEnglishisaforeignlanguage（the"

expandingcircle"

）.Sincethe1980s,whensuchtermsbecamecommon,thisthirdcirclehasinfactexpandedtotakeintheentireplanet.

[3]Forgoodorforill,therehasneverbeenalanguagequitelikeEnglish.Therehavebeenmany"

worldlanguages"

suchasArabic,Chinese,Greek,Latin,andSanskrit.Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.

[4]Englishhoweverisprobablytoocloseforustobeabletoanalyzeandjudgeitasdispassionately,aswemaynowdiscusstheinfluenceofClassicalChineseonEastAsiaorofClassicalLatinonWesternEurope.ThejuryisstilloutinthetrialoftheEnglishlanguage,andmaytakeseveralcenturiestoproduceitsverdict,butevensowecanask,inthisEuropeanYearofLanguages,whetherPriceandPhillipsonarerighttowarnusallaboutthelanguagethatIamusingatthisverymoment.

[5]Itcertainlyisn'

thardtolookforsituationswherepeoplemightcallEnglishacurse.AnexampleisAustralia,whichisroutinelyregardedasastraightforwardEnglish-speakingcountry.ThefirstEuropeanswhowentthereoftenusedLatintodescribeanddiscusstheplace.ThewordAustraliaitselfisLatin;

evidentlynooneatthetimethoughtofsimplycallingit"

Southland"

（whichiswhatAustraliameans）.Inaddition,inSouthAustraliathereisawidestretchoflandcalledtheNullarborPlains,thefirstwordofwhichsoundsAboriginal,butnullarborisLatinandmeans"

notrees"

.Andmostsignificantlyofall,theearlysettlerscalledthecontinentaterranullius.AccordingtotheEncartaWorldEnglishDictionary（1999）theLatinphraseterranulliusmeans:

...theideaandlegalconceptthatwhenthefirstEuropeansarrivedinAustraliathelandwasownedbynooneandthereforeopentosettlement.Ithasbeenjudgednottobelegallyvalid.

Butthatjudgmentwasmadeonlyrecently.WhentheEuropeansarrived,Australiawasthinlypopulated—butpopulatednonetheless—fromcoasttocoastineverydirection.Therewerehundredsofcommunitiesandlanguages.Manyoftheselanguageshavediedout,manymoreareintheprocessofdyingout,andthesedeadanddyinglanguageshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyeitherkindsofpidginEnglishorgeneralAustralianEnglish.Dependingonyourpointofview,thisiseitheratragiclossorthepriceofprogress.

[6]Atthesametime,however,cantheblamefortheextinctionofAboriginallanguagesbelaidspecificallyatthedoorofEnglish?

ThefirstEuropeanstodiscoverAustraliawereDutch,andtheirlanguagemighthavebecomethelanguageofcolonizationandsettlement.Anysettlerlanguagecouldhavehadthesameeffect.IfforexampletheMongolshadsustainedtheirvastEurasianempire,MongolianmighthavebecomeaworldlanguageandgonetoAustralia.Again,ifhistoryhadbeensomewhatdifferent,today'

sworldlanguagemighthavebeenArabic,apowerfullanguageinWestAsiaandNorthAfricathatcurrentlyaffectsmanysmallerlanguages,includingCopticandBerber.Spanishhasadverselyaffectedindigenouslanguagesinso-called"

Latin"

America,andRussianhasspreadfromEuropetotheSiberianPacific.IfEnglishisacurseandakiller,itmayonlybesointhesensethatanylargelanguageislikelytoinfluenceandendangersmallerlanguages.

[7]YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.Letusinsteadlookatsomethingratherdifferent:

theissueofpolitics,justice,andequality.MyobjectlessonthistimeisSouthAfrica.Tenyearsago,SouthAfricaceasedtobegovernedonprinciplesofracialseparateness,asystemknowninAfrikaans（alanguagederivedfromDutch）asapartheid.ThesystemarosebecausetheAfrikanercommunity—EuropeansettlersofmainlyDutchdescent—sawthemselvesassuperiortotheindigenouspeopleofthelandtheyhadcolonized.

[8]English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.However,thelanguagethroughwhichthisoppositiongainedstrengthandorganizationwasEnglish,whichbecameforthemthekeylanguageoffreedomandunity,notofoppression.TherearetodayelevenofficiallanguagesinSouthAfrica—English,Afrikaans,andninevernacularlanguagesthatincludeZulu,Ndebele,andSetswana.ButwhichoftheseninedoblackSouthAfricansuse（orplantouse）astheirnationallinguafranca?

Whichdotheywishtheirchildrentospeakandwritesuccessfully（inadditiontotheirmothertongues）?

Theanswerisnoneoftheabove.TheywantEnglish,andinparticulartheywantasuitablyAfricanizedEnglish.

[9]So,acursefortheindigenouspeoplesofAustraliaandsomethingofablessingforthoseinSouthAfrica...

[10]HowthenshouldwethinkofEnglishinourglobalizingworldwithitsendangereddiversities?

Theanswer,itseemstome,iscrystalclear.Likemanythings,Englishisattimesablessingandattimesacurse—forindividuals,forcommunities,fornations,andevenforunionsofnations.TheEastAsiansymbolismofyinandyangmightservewellhere:

Thereissomethingofyangineveryyin,ofyinineveryyang.Althoughtheyareopposites,theybelongtogether:

inthisinstancewithinthecircleofcommunication.Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'

slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.（1,292words）

ABOUTTHEAUTHOR

Dr.TomMcArthurisfoundereditoroftheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguage（1992）andthequarterlyEnglishToday:

TheInternationalReviewoftheEnglishLanguage（Cambridge,1985—）.Hismorethan

20publishedworksincludetheLongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglish（1981）,WorldsofReference:

Language,LexicographyandLearningfromtheClayTablettotheComputer（1986）,andTheEnglishLanguages（1998）.HeiscurrentlyDeputyDirectoroftheDictionaryResearchCenterattheUniversityofExeter.

EXERCISES

I.ReadingComprehension

Answerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethe,followingstatements.

1.ItcanbeinferredfromGlanvillePrice'

sstatementthatheis .

A.happythatEnglishiseverywhereinBritainandIreland

B.worriedaboutthefutureoftheremainingCelticlanguages

C.shockedbythediversityoflanguagesinBritainandIreland

D.amazedthatmanypeopleintheUKstillspeaktheirAboriginallanguages

2.Cumbricisusedasanexampleof .

A.alocaldialect

B.avictimoftheEnglishlanguage

C.alanguagethatisonthevergeofextinction

D.alanguagethatisusedbyonlyalimitednumberofpeople

3.WhichofthefollowingisthemajorconcernofthebookLinguisticImperialism?

A.Englishteachingoverseas.

B.Britishgovernment'

slanguagepolicies.

C.DominanceofEnglishoverotherlanguages.

D.TheroleofEnglishintechnologyadvancement.

4.BothPriceandPhillipsonare .

A.governmentofficials

B.advocatesoflinguisticimperialism

C.insupportoflanguagepoliciescarriedoutbytheBritishCouncil

D.concernedaboutthenegativeeffectofEnglishonsmallerlanguages

5.Accordingtothetext,theEFLcountries .

A.arelargeinnumber

B.isknownasthe"

C.willbeendangeredbyEnglish

D.havemadeEnglishtheir