商业模式的相关外文文献.docx
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商业模式的相关外文文献
西安邮电大学
毕业设计(论文)
外文文献翻译
学院:
经济与管理学院
专业:
市场营销
班级:
营销0802
*******
导师姓名:
欧晓华职称:
讲师
起止时间:
2010年12月20日至2011年6月20日
英文原文
Overviewofbusinessmodel
Abusinessmodeldescribestherationaleofhowanorganizationcreates,delivers,andcapturesvalue[1](economic,social,orotherformsofvalue).Theprocessofbusinessmodelconstructionispartofbusinessstrategy.
Intheoryandpracticethetermbusinessmodelisusedforabroadrangeofinformalandformaldescriptionstorepresentcoreaspectsofabusiness,includingpurpose,offerings,strategies,infrastructure,organizationalstructures,tradingpractices,andoperationalprocessesandpolicies.Theliteraturehasprovidedverydiverseinterpretationsanddefinitionsofabusinessmodel.Asystematicreviewandanalysisofmanagerresponsestoasurveydefinesbusinessmodelsasthedesignoforganizationalstructurestoenactacommercialopportunity[2].Furtherextensionstothisdesignlogicemphasizetheuseofnarrativeorcoherenceinbusinessmodeldescriptionsasmechanismsbywhichentrepreneurscreateextraordinarilysuccessfulgrowthfirms[3].
Wheneverabusinessisestablished,iteitherexplicitlyorimplicitlyemploysaparticularbusinessmodelthatdescribesthearchitectureofthevaluecreation,delivery,andcapturemechanismsemployedbythebusinessenterprise.Theessenceofabusinessmodelisthatitdefinesthemannerbywhichthebusinessenterprisedeliversvaluetocustomers,enticescustomerstopayforvalue,andconvertsthosepaymentstoprofit:
itthusreflectsmanagement’shypothesisaboutwhatcustomerswant,howtheywantit,andhowanenterprisecanorganizetobestmeetthoseneeds,getpaidfordoingso,andmakeaprofit.[4]
Businessmodelsareusedtodescribeandclassifybusinesses(especiallyinanentrepreneurialsetting),buttheyarealsousedbymanagersinsidecompaniestoexplorepossibilitiesforfuturedevelopment.Also,wellknownbusinessmodelsoperateasrecipesforcreativemanagers.[5]Businessmodelsarealsoreferredtoinsomeinstanceswithinthecontextofaccountingforpurposesofpublicreporting.
Overtheyears,businessmodelshavebecomemuchmoresophisticated.Thebaitandhookbusinessmodel(alsoreferredtoasthe"razorandbladesbusinessmodel"orthe"tiedproductsbusinessmodel")wasintroducedintheearly20thcentury.Thisinvolvesofferingabasicproductataverylowcost,oftenataloss(the"bait"),thenchargingcompensatoryrecurringamountsforrefillsorassociatedproductsorservices(the"hook").Examplesinclude:
razor(bait)andblades(hook);cellphones(bait)andairtime(hook);computerprinters(bait)andinkcartridgerefills(hook);andcameras(bait)andprints(hook).AninterestingvariantofthismodelisAdobe,asoftwaredeveloperthatgivesawayitsdocumentreaderfreeofchargebutchargesseveralhundreddollarsforitsdocumentwriter.
Inthe1950s,newbusinessmodelscamefromMcDonald'sRestaurantsandToyota.Inthe1960s,theinnovatorswereWal-MartandHypermarkets.The1970ssawnewbusinessmodelsfromFedExandToysRUs;the1980sfromBlockbuster,HomeDepot,Intel,andDellComputer;the1990sfromSouthwestAirlines,Netflix,eBay,A,andStarbucks.
Today,thetypeofbusinessmodelsmightdependonhowtechnologyisused.Forexample,entrepreneursontheinternethavealsocreatedentirelynewmodelsthatdependentirelyonexistingoremergenttechnology.Usingtechnology,businessescanreachalargenumberofcustomerswithminimalcosts.
Businessmodelframeworks
Therearevariouswaystodefineandconceptualizebusinessmodels.Inthefollowingsomeoftheseconceptualizationsareintroduced.
Businessmodelcanvas
BusinessModelCanvas:
Ninebusinessmodelbuildingblocks,Osterwalder,Pigneur,&al.2010[1]
Osterwalder'swork[1][6]proposeasinglereferencemodel,calledBusinessModelCanvasbasedonthesimilaritiesofawiderangeofbusinessmodelconceptualizations.Itisnowadaysoneofthemostusedframeworksfordescribingtheelementsofbusinessmodels.
Withthisbusinessmodeldesigntemplate,anenterprisecaneasilydescribetheirbusinessmodel.AspectsofthetemplateareInfrastructure,Offering,Customers,Finances,etc.
Otherapproaches
∙Businessreferencemodel
Businessreferencemodelisareferencemodel,concentratingonthearchitecturalaspectsofthecorebusinessofanenterprise,serviceorganizationorgovernmentagency.
∙Componentbusinessmodel
TechniquedevelopedbyIBMtomodelandanalyzeanenterprise.Itisalogicalrepresentationormapofbusinesscomponentsor"buildingblocks"andcanbedepictedonasinglepage.Itcanbeusedtoanalyzethealignmentofenterprisestrategywiththeorganization'scapabilitiesandinvestments,identifyredundantoroverlappingbusinesscapabilities,etc.
AlthoughWebvanfailedinitsgoalofdisintermediatingtheNorthAmericansupermarketindustry,severalsupermarketchains(likeSafewayInc.)havelaunchedtheirowndeliveryservicestotargetthenichemarkettowhichWebvancatered.
∙Industrializationofservicesbusinessmodel
Businessmodelusedinstrategicmanagementandservicesmarketingthattreatsserviceprovisionasanindustrialprocess,subjecttoindustrialoptimizationprocedures
BusinessModelling
BusinessModellingisanimportanttooltocapture,design,innovateandtransformthebusiness.[7]However,inordertotransformonesorganizationandalignthemtoonesbusinessmodel,abusinessmodelshouldnotbeseenseparately,butinconnectionwith[8]:
Astep-by-steproadmapthatdescribesthesynergyandcontextbetweenBusinessModelandalignmentofStrategyMap,Scorecards,etc.intotheorganization.
∙Themainbusinessgoalsoftheorganization,e.g.strategicbusinessobjectives,criticalsuccessfactorsandkeyperformanceindicators,whichaholisticbusinessmodelapproachshouldinclude.
∙ThemainbusinessIssues/painpointsandtherebyorganizationalweakness,whichaholisticbusinessmodelapproachshouldincludefortheyrepresentthethreattothecompany’sbusinessmodel.
∙Aclearcauseandeffectlinkagesbetweenthecompetencies,desiredoutcomesandperformancemeasurementse.g.scorecards.
∙Anemphasisonbusinessmodelmanagementandtherebyacontinuousimprovementandgovernanceapproachtothebusinessmodel.
∙Thebusinessmaturitylevel,inordertodeveloptheorganizationrepresentationofcoredifferentiatedandcorecompetitivecompetencies[linkedtostrategy],whichisabasisforbuildingabusinessmodelastheytherepresentsomeofthemostimportantsourcesofuniqueness.Thesearethethingsthatacompanycandouniquelywell,andthatno-oneelsecancopyquicklyenoughtoaffectcompetition.
∙Linkagesamongcompetencesandcompetencydevelopment.
∙Thepossiblevaluecreationandrealizationoftheorganization.
∙Theinformationflow,andtherebyinformationneedforeffectiveandefficientdecisionmaking.
Suchaholisticapproachwouldhelpclarifybothintentandsourcesofsynergyanddisconnectbetweenbusinessmodel,strategy,scorecards,information,innovation,processesandITsystems.Thisincludesarchitecturalalignmentaswellasbusinesstransformationandvalueandperformanceviews.SuchdialoguesallowExecutivestousethebusinessmodelwiththeirbusinessalignment.
Theoreticalandempiricalinsightstobusinessmodels
DesignLogicandNarrativeCoherence
Designlogicviewsthebusinessmodelasanoutcomeofcreatingneworganizationalstructuresorchangingexistingstructurestopursueanewopportunity.GerryGeorgeandAdamBock(2011)conductedacomprehensiveliteraturereviewandsurveyedmanagerstounderstandhowtheyperceivedthecomponentsofabusinessmodel.Inthatanalysis,theseauthorsshowthatthereisadesignlogicbehindhowentrepreneursandmanagersperceiveandexplaintheirbusinessmodel.Infurtherextensionstothedesignlogic,GeorgeandBock(2012)usecasestudiesandtheIBMsurveydataonbusinessmodelsinlargecompaniestodescribehowCEOsandentrepreneurscreatenarrativesorstoriesinacoherentmannertomovethebusinessfromoneopportunitytoanother.Theyalsoshowthatwhenthenarrativeisincoherentorthecomponentsofthestoryaremisalignedthatthesebusinessestendtofail.TheyrecommendwaysinwhichtheentrepreneurorCEOcancreatestrongnarrativesforchange.
BusinessModel2.0
Chen(2009)pointedoutthatthebusinessmodelinthetwenty-firstcenturyhastotakeintoaccountthecapabilitiesofWeb2.0,suchascollectiveintelligence,networkeffects,usergeneratedcontent,andthepossibilityofself-improvingsystems.Hesuggestedthattheserviceindustrysuchastheairline,traffic,transportation,hotel,restaurant,InformationandCommunicationsTechnologyandOnlinegamingindustrieswillbeabletobenefitinadoptingbusinessmodelsthattakeintoaccountthecharacteristicsofWeb2.0.HealsoemphasizedthatBusinessModel2.0hastotakeintoaccountnotjustthetechnologyeffectofWeb2.0butalsothenetworkingeffect.HegavetheexampleofthesuccessstoryofAmazoninmakinghugeprofitseachyearbydevelopingafullblownopenplatformthatsupportsalargeandthrivingcommunityofcompaniesthatre-useAmazon’sOnDemandcommerceservices.[9]
Complementaritiesofbusinessmodelsbetweenpartneringfirms
Studyingcollaborativeresearchandtheaccessingofexternalsourcesoftechnology,Hummeletal.(2010)foundthatindecidingonbusinesspartners,itisimportanttomakesurethatbothparties’businessmodelsarecomplementary[10].Forexample,theyfoundthatitwasimportanttoidentifythevaluedriversofpotentialpartnersbyanalyzingthei