高一英语语法5情态动词.docx
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高一英语语法5情态动词
高一英语语法(5):
情态动词
一、情态动词的特征
1.本身有词义;
2.情态动词+V原=谓语;
3.不随人称和数的变化。
二、情态动词的种类
肯定式
否定式
疑问式
can
①/②
can+主语+V原
could
①/②
may
might
①/②
will
①/②
would
①/②
shall
①/②
should
①/②
oughtto
①/②
must
①/②
have/has/hadto
①/②
need
①/②
dare
①/②
三、情态动词的基本意义及用法
1.can/could
1)能力
现在“能够;会”
Icanswimnow.翻译:
过去“能够;会”
Hecouldswimattheageof5.
翻译:
肯定句
can+V原
could+V原
2)不能够
现在“不能够;不会”
Istillcan’tswimnow.
翻译:
过去“不能够;不会”
Hecouldn'tswimattheageof5.翻译:
否定句
cannot/can’t+V原
couldnot/couldn’t+V原
3)客观的可能性
现在“可能”
Accidentcanhappentoanydrunkendriver.
翻译:
过去“可能”
Hesaidthatanaccidentcouldhappenatanytime.翻译:
肯定句
can+V原
could+V原
4)怀疑
现在“不可能”
Hecan’tbeaboss.翻译:
过去“不可能”
Hecouldn’tleave,forhisbadwasstillhere.翻译:
用于否定句
can’t+V原
couldn’t+V原
5)请求;允许
“可以……吗?
”
A:
CanIhavealookatyournewdesign?
1B:
Yes,ofcouseyoucan.
2B:
No,I’mafraidnot.翻译:
“可以……吗?
”(更委婉)
A:
Couldyoupleasehelpmewiththisfuniture?
1B:
Yes,Ican.
2B:
No,I’mafraidnot.翻译:
1一般疑问句
2注意回答
Can+主语+V原?
Could+主语+V原?
4)惊异
现在“怎么能……?
”
Howcanyoubelievesuchaliarlikehim?
翻译:
过去“怎么能……?
Howcouldyoubelievesuchaliarlikehimatthattime?
翻译:
疑问句
Howcan+主语+V原?
Howcould+主语+V原?
2.may/might
1)可能性的推测
现在“可能;也许”
Marymayvisitmetoday.
1过去“可能;也许”
2更委婉
ItoldmymotherthatMarymightvisitme.
Imustgohomeatonce.Marymightvisitme.
肯定句
may+V原
might+V原
2)可能性的推测
现在“可能不;也许不”
Itmaynotraintoday
1过去“可能不;也许不”
2更委婉
Shesaiditmightnotrainthatday.
Itmightnotraintoday.
否定句
maynot+V原
mightnot+V原
3)请求允许
“能不能……?
”
MyItroubleyoutopassmethebook?
“能不能……”(更委婉)
MightItroubleyoutopassmethebook?
1一般疑问句
2比can和could的语气弱
May+主语+V原?
Might+主语+V原?
4)允许;许可
“能够……吗?
A:
MayIlistentomusicwhiledoinghomework?
1B:
Yes,youcan./Yes,youmay
2B:
No,youmusn’t./No,youcannot./No,youmaynot./No,youhadbetternot./No,I’mafraidnot.
1一般疑问句
2注意回答
May+主语+V原?
5)祝愿
祝你……
Mayyouhaveahappylife!
祈使句
Mayyou+V原
3.will/would
1)意志;意愿
现在“愿意”
Iwilltellyouaboutit.
过去“愿意”
Hesaidthathewouldtellyouaboutit.
肯定句
will+V原
would+V原
2)请求、建议
“……好吗?
要不要……”
1Willyouclosethewindow?
2Won’tyoudrinksomemorecoffee?
“……好吗?
要不要……?
(更委婉)
Wouldyoucomethisway,please?
1第二人称
2一般疑问句
1Willyou+V原
2Won’tyou+V原
Wouldyou+V原
3)习惯性动作
现在“惯于,会”
Thisoldwomanisstrange.Shewillsitforhourswithoutsayinganything.
过去“惯于”
Thisoldwomanwasstrange.Shewouldsitforhourswithoutsayinganything.
肯定句
will+V原
would+V原
4)预料;猜想
将来“大概会”
Itwillbeabouttenwhenhegetshome.
过去“大概会”
Itwouldbetenwhenhelefthome.
肯定句
will+V原
would+V原
5)规律性
将来“注定会”
Peoplewilldiewithoutair.
过去“注定会”
Hesaidthathislovelydogwouldbelonelyifhedidn’taccompanyit.
肯定句
will+V原
would+V原
4.shall
1)征求对方意见;向对方请示
“可以……吗?
;……好吗?
”
ShallPetergotherewithustomorrow?
ShallIgetyousometea?
Shalltheboywaitoutside?
1疑问句
2第一人称;第三人称
Shall+I,we;it,he,she,they+V原?
2)允诺;命令;决心;警告;威胁
“会……;务必……;”
Youshallgetananswerfrommebythisweekend.(允诺)
Youshallbesorryforitoneday,Itellyou.(警告)
EachcitizenshallcarryhisIDcardwhentravlling.(务必;规定)
1陈述句
2第二人称;第三人称
you;it,he,she,they+shall+V原.
5.should
1)劝告;建议
“应该……”
IthinkweshouldstudyEnglishhard.
从道义上“应该”
should+V原
2)推测
“可能……;应该……;准是……”
ItshouldbeMarywhohastakenallthebooksonthedesk.
should+V原
3)谦逊;客气;委婉
“依我/我们看,……”
Youaremistaken,Ishouldsay.
第一人称
Ishouldsay…;Weshouldsay…
4)不能理解;感到意外、惊异
“竟会……;怎么会……”
Whyshouldyoubesoearlytoday?
疑问句
why/howshould+主语+V原
6.oughtto
1)劝告;建议
“应该……”
试比较:
Youarehisfatherand__________takecareofhim.
Youngpeople__________showrespecttotheold.
(should,oughtto)
1与should意义大体相同
2语气重于should
3从法律上“应该”
oughtto+V原
2)推测
“可能……;应该……;准是……”
SheoughttogettoBeijingbynow.
与should意义大体相同
oughtto+V原
7.must
1)必须
“必须……”
Itoldherthatshemustgiveupsomking.
1语气比should,oughtto强烈;
②肯定句;③主观意识
must+V原
2)严禁
“不准,不应该,禁止”
Driversmustn’tdriveafterdrinking.
否定句
mustn’t+V原
3)对现在有把握的推测
“一定……,准是……”
Youmustbeill.Icanseeitfromyourface.
Hemustbedoinghisworknow,forthelightinhisofficeison.
肯定句
mustbe…
4)偏执;固执
“为什么非要……”
Whymustyoualwaysinterruptme?
疑问句
Whymust+主语+V原……?
*在回答带有must的问句时,肯定回答:
Yes,…must;
否定回答:
①No,…needn’t.②No,…don’thaveto.
如:
A:
MustIfinishmyhomeworkbeforeeight?
B:
Yes,__________.
B:
①No,__________./②No,__________
8.haveto/havegotto
1)必须
“必须……;不得不……”
Ihaveto/havegottohandinmytermpaperbefore5:
00pmtoday.
1肯定句
2由于客观因素不得不做某事
1haveto+V原
2havegotto+V原
2)不必要
“不必……”
Driversmustn’tdriveafterdrinking.
否定句
don’thaveto+V原
haven’tgotto+V原
Youdon’thavetotellhimaboutit.
I’mgladIhaven’tgottoworktoday.
9.need
1)需要,必要
“需要……吗?
有必要……吗?
”
A:
NeedItellhimeverythingthat’shappenedtohisparents?
1B:
Yes,youmust.
2B:
No,youneedn’t.
1情态动词
2否定句;疑问句
3没有数的变化;没有时态的变化
4注意回答
Need+主语+V原?
主语+needn’t+V原?
2)需要,必要
“需要……;有必要……”
IneedtogotoBeijingthisSundaytoattendabookfair(书展).
Heneedsto…;Hesaidthatheneededto…
Idon’tneedtoleaveatonce.
Hedoesn’tneedto…;Hesaidthathedidn’tneedto…
A:
Doyouneedtohavearest?
1B:
Yes,Ido.
2B:
No,Idon’t.
1实义动词
2肯定句;否定句;疑问句
3有数的变化;有时态的变化
4注意回答
肯定句:
主语+need/needs/needed+todo
否定句:
主语+don’t/doesn’t/didn’tneed+todo
疑问句:
do/does/did+主语+need+todo
10.dare
1)敢;敢于
“敢于……吗?
胆敢……吗?
”
A:
Darehetellthemwhatheknows?
1B:
Yes,hedare.
2B:
No,hedaren’t.
1情态动词;②否定句;疑问句;
3没有数的变化;没有时态的变化;
4注意回答
Dare+主语+V原?
主语+daren’t+V原?
2)敢;敢于
“敢于……;胆敢……”
Isupposethathedarestotellthemanagerthetruth.
Idon’tdaretotellhimthetruth.
A:
Doyoudaretojumpdownfromhere?
1B:
Yes,Ido.
2B:
No,Idon’t.
1实义动词;
2肯定句;否定句;疑问句;
3有数的变化;有时态的变化
4注意回答
肯定句:
主语+dare/dares/dared+todo
否定句:
主语+don’t/doesn’t/didn’tdare+todo
疑问句:
do/does/did+主语+dare+todo
3)习惯用法
①大概……;我想……;我估计……Idaresay,…
Youaretired,Idaresay.
Idaresayyou’vespentallyourmoneybynow.
②你胆子好大啊!
Howdareyou!
4)过去“不敢”;过去“敢不敢”?
过去“不敢……”;过去“敢不敢……”?
A:
Dareyouhavedoneityesterday?
B:
Idaren’thavedoneityesterday,butIthinkIdarenow.
否定句;疑问句;whether之后
daren’thavedone;
dare+主语+havedone?
四、情态动词后动词的时态形式
1.一般式:
“情态动词+V原”,表示情态动词的基本含义。
(如上)
2.进行式:
“情态动词+be+doing”,表示对现在或将来正在进行的行为进行推测,意为“或许正在,应当正在,想必正在,准是正在”(may/might/should/oughtto/mustbedoing语气由弱到强)如:
1)Hemightbesleepingnextdoor.Let’snotdisturbhim.
2)Sheoughttobewaitingforus.Shepromisedto.
3)Hemustbedoinghisworknow,forthelightinhisofficeison.
3.完成式:
“情态动词+have+done”
mayhavedone
可能已经……
Hemayhavefinishedhiswork,orhedidn’thaveanychancetoplaywithotherboys.
maynothave
可能没有……
Hemaynothavefinishedhiswork,orhecouldgooutwithhisfriends.
mighthavedone
1可能已经……
(委婉)
Hemighthavefinishedhiswork,orhedidn’thaveanychancetoplaywithotherboys.
②本可以……
Youmighthavegivenhimsomeadvice.
mightn’thavedone
①可能没有……
Hemightnothavefinishedhiswork,orhecouldgooutwithhisfriends.
②本不能……
Withoutyourhelp,hemightn’thavefinishedhisworkalone.
canhavedone
可能已经……
Theroomissoclear;itcanhavebeencleaned.
can’thavedone
不可能已经……
Theroomisinaterriblemess;itcan’thavebeencleaned.
couldhavedone
1可能已经……
(委婉)
Theroomissoclear;itcouldhavebeencleaned.
②本可以……
Icouldhavegotupearlyiftheclockwerenotbroken.
couldn’thavedone
①不可能已经……
Theroomisinaterriblemess;itcouldn’thavebeencleaned.
②本不该……
Youcouldn’thavetoldthenewstoyourfather.
shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone
本应该……
Ishouldhavegonejustnowiftherewerenorain.
shouldn’thavedone/oughtn’ttohavedone
本不应该……
Theyshouldn’thavegivenhimsomuchmoneyonlybecauseheaskedfor.
musthavedone
一定已经……
Itmusthaverained,foritiswetoutside.
needn’thavedone
其实不必……
Youneedn’thavecomeyesterday.
五、常用情态动词的用法比较
1.can’t:
不可能,一定不;maynot:
可能不,或许不
2.must:
主观看法;haveto:
客观需要
3.mustn’t:
决不能;don’thaveto=needn’t:
不必
4.can与beableto
1)beableto比can相比有更多的时态。
如:
①__________you______________________________camera(录制)thelecturetomorrow?
②I’msorryI________________________________________answeryourletterintime.真对不起,我没能及时给你回信。
2)在过去时态中,could仅指具备某种能力,但实施结果如何不明确;
而was/wereableto不仅仅说明有某种能力,而且成功地做到了,相当于managetodo或succeedindoing,译为“成功地……”。
如:
1YesterdayIwasabletogethomebeforetheheavyrain.
2HewasabletofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.
3)在否定句中或与感官动词连用时,could/waswereableto可以通用。
如:
①Hehurthislegandcouldn’tbe/wasn’tbeabletoplayfootball.
②Icould/wasabletosmellsomethingstrange.
六、情态动词其他的搭配用法
1.canbut+V原:
只好,至多不过;如:
Wecanbutdoourbest.
2.cannothelpbut+V原
=cannothelpdoing
不得不,不能避免,不禁。
如:
1)Thegirlcould’thelpbutliveonherself.
2)WhenItrytospea,Ican’thelpmakingmistakes.
3.cannot+V原+too+adj./adv.原级
=cannever+V原+too+adj./adv.原级:
无论怎样……都不过分,越……越好。
如:
Wecan’tthankyoutoomuchforwhatyou’vedoneforus.
4.may/might+V原+but+句子:
我承认……是事实,但是……。
如:
Hemayhavelivedhereforyears,buthehasveryfewfriendshere.
5.may/mightaswell+V原
=hadbetter+V原
还是……的好。
如:
It’stoolate.You