物流专业英语翻译与计算机基础 英语阅读翻译.docx

物流专业英语翻译与计算机基础 英语阅读翻译.docx

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物流专业英语翻译与计算机基础英语阅读翻译

第五章物流英语阅读

第一节WhatisLogisticsManagement？

1．TheDefinitionofLogistics

Aftercompletingacommercialtransaction，logisticswillexecutethetransferofgoodsfromthesupplier（seller）tocustomer（buyer）inthemostcost-effectivemanner．Thisisthedefinitionoflogistics．Duringthetransferprocess，hardwaresuchaslogisticsfacilitiesandequipment（logisticscarriers）areneeded，aswellasinformationcontrolandstandardization．Inaddition，supportsfromthegovernmentandlogisticsassociationshouldbeinplace．

Threemajorfunctionsoflogistics

（1）Creatingtimevalue：

samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlyatdifferenttimes．Goodsoftenstopduringthetransferprocess，whichisprofessionallycalledthestorageoflogistics．Itcreatesthetimevalueforgoods.

（2）Creatinglocationvalue：

samegoodscanbevalueddifferentlylocations．Thevalueaddedduringthetransferprocessisthelocationvalueoflogistics．

（3）DistributionprocessingValue：

sometimeslogisticscreatedistributionprocessingvalue,whichchangesthelength，thicknessandpackagesofthegoods．Likepopularsaying，“cuttingintosmallerparts”isthemostcommonlyseendistributionprocessingform．Mostprocessingwithinlogisticscreateaddedvalueforgoods．

Logisticsisanewcommercialarea，developingfromthetraditionalstagetoamodernone．Themaindifferencesbetweenthesetwostagesinclude：

（1）Modernlogisticsadoptscontainerizationtechniques．Thegoodstransferprocessstartswithpackaging，followedbytransportation，storageanddistribution．Thewholeprocessisoperatedunderlogisticsstandards．Basedonthelogisticsbasemoduleof600*400MM，formthelogisticsmoduleof1,200*1,000mm，andenlargetothesizeof2,591*2,438mm-thesizeofhigh*wideofthecontainer．Itcanbeadjustedtothestandardsizesofcontainersfortrains，trucksandships．

（2）Informationtechnologiesaremostimportantformodernlogistics．BarCode，POS，EDIandGPSsystemsdramaticallyimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofthelogisticsactivities．Internetfurtherassiststhemarketdevelopment，operationsandmanagementofthelogisticsindustry．

2．ActivitiesIncludedinLogisticsManagement

（1）Customerservice．Customerserviceisdefinedas“acustomer-orientedphilosophythatintegratesandmanagesallcustomerinterfacewithinthelowestpossiblecoststoachieveoptimumresults．”Customerservicesbindalllogisticsactivities．Whetheracustomerreceivesrightproductunderalltherightconditionswillaffectallotheroperations．

（2）Orderprocessing．“Orderprocessingcanbecomparedtothehumanbody’scentralnervesystem，triggeringthedistributionprocessanddirectingtheactionstobetakeninsatisfyingorderdemand”．Orderprocessingactivitymaybebrokendownintothreecategories．Firstly，operatingelements，suchasorderentry/editing，scheduling，order-shippingsetpreparation，andinvoicing．Secondly，communicationelements，suchasordermodification，orderstatusinquiries，tracingandexpediting，errorcorrection，andproductinformationrequests；andlastly，creditandcollectionelements，includingcreditcheckingandaccountsreceivableprocessing/collecting．Customservicesplaysanimportantpartinthespeedandaccuracyoftheorderprocessing．Advancedsystemscanreducethetimebetweenorderplacementandshipment．Ordersareoftendonethroughcomputersystems．Advancedsystems，althoughinitiallyexpensivetothecompany，cansubstantiallyimproveaccuracyandefficiency．Often，savinginotherlogisticsexpenses（suchasinventory，transportationandwarehousing）orincreasedsalesfromimprovedcustomerservicewilljustifythecostofthesystem．

（3）Communicationinlogistics．Successintoday’sbusinessenvironmentrequiresthemanagementofacomplexcommunicationssystem．Effectivecommunicationshouldexistbetween：

（a）thecompany，itscustomersandsuppliers；

（b）majoroperationsofthecompanysuchasmarketing，manufacturing，logistics，andfinance/accounting；

（c）logistics-relatedactivitiessuchascustomerservice，trafficandtransportation，warehousingandstorage，orderprocessing，andinventorycontrol；

（d）Componentsofeachlogisticsactivity（withininventorycontrol，forexample，wouldbein-plantinventory，inventoryintransit，andinventoryinfieldwarehouse）．

Communicationisthevitallinkbetweentheentirelogisticsprocessandcustomers．

Afirm’scommunicationssystemmaybeassophisticatedasacomputerizedmanagementinformationsystem（MIS）orassimpleasword-of-mouthcommunicationbetweenindividuals．Whatevertypeofsystemused，vitalinformationmustbeavailableandcommunicatedtoindividualswho“needtoknow”．

（4）　Inventorycontrol．Theinventorycontrolisimportanttoensureasufficientsupplyofproducttomeetcustomerdemandandmanufacturingrequirements．Inventoryconsumesspaceandcapital．Thecostofstoreinventorycanbe14toover50percentofthetotalcost．Successfulinventorycontrolinvolvesdeterminingenoughinventoriestosatisfycustomerdemandandconsideringthecostofperformingotherlogisticsactivities．

（5）　Forecastingdemands．Demandforecastinginvolvesdeterminingtheamountofproductandservicethatcustomerswillrequireinthefuture．Itisimportanttoalloperationssuchasmarketing，manufacturing，andlogistics．

*Marketingforecastsdeterminepromotionalstrategies，allocationofsalesforce，pricingstrategies，andmarketresearchactivities．

*Manufacturingforecastsdetermineproductionschedules，purchasingandacquisitionstrategies，andin-plantinventorydecisions.

*Logisticsforecastsdetermineproducttransportationandstorage.

Demandforecastingenablesmanagerstoallocatetheirresources（budgets）effectivelytomeetdemands.Forecastingcanbedifficultgiventhemarketuncertainties.However，thecompanyshouldundertakedemandforecastingandcommunicatetheresultstootherdepartments.Sophisticatedcomputermodels，trendanalysis，salesforceestimates，orothermethodscanhelpdevelopsuchforecasts.

（6）Transportation.Thegoodsflowisdependedontransportationprocess，itincludesselectingthemethodofshipment（rail，water，truck，airandpipeline）,choosingaspecificpath（routing）；complyingwithvariouslocal,stateandfederaltransportationregulations;andbeingawareofbothdomesticandinternationaltrafficrequirements.Transportationisoftenthelargestpartinthelogisticscost.

（7）Warehousingandstorage.Productsmustbestoredatanyplacesunlessconsumersneedthemimmediately.Warehousingandstorageareactivitiesthatmanagethespaceneededtoholdtheinventories.Specificstorageactivitiesinclude；decidingwhetherthestoragefacilityshouldbeowned，leased，orrented；warehouselayoutanddesign；productmixconsiderations；safetyandmaintenance；securitysystems；personaltraining；andproductivitymeasurement.

（8）Plantandwarehousesiteselection．Thestrategicsitenearthespecificmarketscanimprovethecustomerservicelevelsandlowertransportationcosts.Whenmakingasitedecision，weneedtoresearchtheproductmarket，customerdemands，locationofrawmaterials，componentpartsandsubassemblies．Othermajorconsiderationsincludelaborrates，transportation，taxes，security，laws，localcommunity（suchastheattitudetowardsanewindustry）landcost，andinfrastructure.

（9）Materialhandling．Itisconcernedwithhandlingofallrawmaterials，parts，fittings，inventory，andfinishedgoodswithinaplantorwarehouse．Itsobjectivesare

*Reducehandlingpossibly

*Minimizetraveldistance

*Minimizegoodsinprocess

*Provideuniformflowwithoutanynegativeelement

*Minimizelosses（damagedorstolengoods）

Handlingorcarryingisthemostfrequentactivitiesinthelogistics，butgenerallyaddsnovaluetoaproduct，theseoperationsshouldbedepttoaminimum.Materialhandlingplaysavitalroleinreducinginventory，loweringcosts，andincreasingproductivity.

（10）Procurement．Procurementistheacquisitionofmaterialsandservicesfromothercompanies．Procurementincludesselectingsupplylocations，determiningformsofthematerialtobeacquired，timing，price，qualitycontrol，andmanyotheractivities.

（11）Partsandservicesupport．Logisticsisheavilyconnectedwithmanyactivitiesinvolvedinrepairandservicingofproducts．Aftersalesserviceisusuallypartofthetransaction．Suchasreplacingpartswhenproductsbreakdownormalfunction．Adequatesuppliesofspareandreplacementpartsshouldbeavailabletocustomersinneed．Iftheproductfailtoperformduetomalfunction，thesupplierofspacepartsmustrespondquicklytoavoidextracost．

（12）Packaging．Packagingperformstwobasicfunctions-marketingandlogistics．Inmarketingthepackageactspromotionandadvertising．Itssize，weight，color，andprintedinformationattractcustomersandconveyknowledgeoftheproduct．Whenfirmsareinvolvedininternationalmarketing，packagingbecomesevenmoreimportant．Productssoldtoforeigncountriestravelgreaterdistancesandundergomorehandlingoperations．Thelogisticspackageistoprotecttheproductsduringtheprocessoflogistics．

（13）Scrapdisposal．Thelogisticsprocessmusteffectivelyandquicklyhandle，transport，andstorewasteproducts．Iftheycanbereusedorrecycled，logisticscompanyshouldarrangeandmovethemtothere-productionandre-processinglocations.

（14）Returngoodshandling．Thehandlingofreturngoodsisoftencalledreversedistribution．Buyersmayreturnitemstothesellerforanumberofreasons．Mostlogisticssystemsarenotgoodenoughtohandlesuchcases．Inmanyindustries，consumersreturnproductsforwarrantyrepair，replacement，orrecycling，reversedistributioncostsmaybeveryhigh．Reversedistributionwillbecomemoreimportantascustomersdemandmoreflexibleandfavorablereturnpolicies．

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