地沟油生物柴油的性能评价英文翻译.docx

地沟油生物柴油的性能评价英文翻译.docx

《地沟油生物柴油的性能评价英文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《地沟油生物柴油的性能评价英文翻译.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

地沟油生物柴油的性能评价英文翻译

湖北文理学院

毕业设计（论文）英文翻译

题目

地沟油生物柴油的性能评价

专业

班级

姓名

学号

指导教师

职称

2015年4月4日

PerformanceEvaluationofBiodieselfromWaste

CookingOil

Abstract---Performanceevaluationofbio-dieselisaprocessinwhichwechecktheefficiencyofthebio-diesel.Wecalculatethebrakespecificfuelconsumptionandbrakethermalefficiency.Thedifferentblends（B20,B40）ofWasteCookingOilwerepreparedwithdieseltochecktheperformanceonDieselengine.ItwasfoundthatenginewasdifficulttostartatpureformofWasteCookingOilduetohighviscositysoblendismadewiththediesel.Bio-dieselwaspreparedandusedinDieselenginefortestingtheperformance.Inthisexperimentwefoundthatthebio-dieselproducelesssmokeascomparetodieselonsameloadandgivesthebetterperformanceascomparetodieselwecanuseWasteCookingOilintheplaceofdieselasasourceoffuelinfuture.

Keywords-BSFC,BTE,Bio-diesel,Diesel,Blends.

I.INTRODUCTION

Bio-dieselisarenewabledieselfuelsubstitutethatcanbemadebychemicallycombininganynaturaloilorfatwithanalcoholsuchasmethanolorethanol.Bio-dieselreferstoavegetableoil-oranimalfat-baseddieselfuelconsistingoflong-chainalkyl（methyl,propylorethyl）esters.Bio-dieselistypicallymadebychemicallyreactinglipids（e.g.,vegetableoil,animalfat（tallow））withanalcohol.Bio-dieselismeanttobeusedinstandarddieselenginesandisthusdistinctfromthevegetableandwasteoilsusedtofuelconverteddieselengines.Bio-dieselcanbeusedalone,orblendedwithpetrodiesel.Bio-dieselcanalsobeusedasalowcarbonalternativetoheatingoil.

Transesterificationofavegetableoilwasconductedasearlyas1853byscientistsE.DuffyandJ.Patrick.10Augusthasbeendeclared"InternationalBio-dieselDay".Morerecently,in1977,BrazilianscientistExpeditoParenteinventedandsubmittedforpatent,thefirstindustrialprocessfortheproductionofbio-diesel.AnAustriancompany,Gaskoks,obtainedthetechnologyfromtheSouthAfricanAgriculturalEngineers;thecompanyerectedthefirstbio-dieselpilotplantinNovember1987andthefirstindustrial-scaleplantinApril1989（withacapacityof30,000tonsofrapeseedperannum）.

Theideatousevegetableoilsasfuelisnotanewconcept.RudolfDieselthefatherofthedieselengine,proposedthepossibilityofreplacingpetrolfuelbypeanutoilabout100yearsago,whenhepresentedhisfirstdieselengineinanexhibitioninParis.Dieselengineisdesignedanddevelopedprimarilytooperateonliquidfuels.Thedieselenginerunsonthefuelburntbytheheatofcompressionofchargeinthecylinder.Thedesirablepropertiesinadieselfuelareignitionquality,volatility,viscosity,specificgravityandlubricity.

Howevertheignitionqualityisthemostsignificantfactorgoverningthesuitabilityoffuelforindieselenginesapplications.Itisgivenintermsofcetaneratingswhichismeasureofitsabilitytoautoignitequicklywheninjectedintohighpressurecompressedairintheenginecylinder.Fuelshavinghighcetanenumbersaresuitableforcompressionignitionengines.Compressionignitionengineshavebeendesignedtorunoverawiderangeofheavytolighthydrocarbonfuels.Heaviergradesofpetroleumknownaslightoilaresuitableforslowspeedengineswhereasthesefuelsareunsuitableforhighspeeddieselengines[13].Biofuelsarerenewableliquidfuelscomingfrombiologicalrawmaterialandhaveproventobegoodsubstitutesforoilinthetransportationsector.Assuchbiofuelsethanolandbio-dieselaregainingworldwideacceptanceasasolutionforproblemsofenvironmentaldegradationenergysecurityoilimportsruralemploymentandagriculturaleconomy.

Bio-dieselcanbeblendedinanyratiowithpetroleumdieselfuel.Itdoesnotrequireseparateinfrastructureforstorage.Theuseofbio-dieselinconventionaldieselenginesresultsinsubstantialreductionofunburnthydrocarbons,carbonmonoxideandparticulatematters.Bio-dieselisconsideredcleanfuelsinceithasalmostnosulphur,noaromaticsandhasabout10%builtinoxygen,whichhelpsittoburncompletelyitshighercetanenumber,improvesthecombustionevenwhenblendedinthepetroleumdiesel.SunflowerandrapessedaretherawmaterialsforbiodieselusedinEuropewhereassoybeanisusedinUSA.Thailandusespalmoil,Irelandusesfryingoilandanimalfats.Inviewofitscombustioncharacteristicsbio-dieselcanbeusedasfuelfordieselengines（aseither,B5–ablendof5%bio-dieselwithdiesel）orB20orB100）.USAusesB20andB100bio-diesel,FranceusesB5asmandatory.

II.CURRENTENERGYSCENARIO,NEEDFORALTERNATIVEFUELSANDADVANTAGESOFBIODIESEL

Rapidescalationoffuelprices,shortageofconventionalpetroleum-basedfuelsanddepletinghydrocarbonreserveoftheworldhaveforcedustolookforappropriatetechnologyandalternativefuelstocatertheeverincreasingdemandsofenergy.Bynowithasbeenrealizedthattheinternalcombustion（IC）enginesfromanindispensablepartforindustrialgrowth.Theyalsoplayavitalroleinourmodernizedagriculturalsector.ItisimpossibletodoawaywithICenginesatthisjunctureandalternativefuelsmustbesoughttoensuresafesurvivaloftheexistingengines.

Ashasbeendescribedearlierourenergyneedsaregrowingasaresultofcontinuedpopulationincreaseeconomicgrowthandindividualenergyconsumption.Theeverincreasingexpenditureonthefueloilimportsiscausingeconomicimbalance,pricehikeandhardshipsforthepeople.Atthesametime,emissionsproducedfromtheburningoffossilfuelsthemainenergysourceforpoweringtheautomobilesandfordecentralizedpowerproductionarecontributingalottoclimaticchangesandbringingaboutchangeintheatmosphere.Evenstringentconservationmethodshavenotbeenabletoeliminateourneedforenergy.Henceotherviableoptionsneedtobeexplored.Inthiscontextalternativeenergytechnologiesofferapromisingsolution.

Bio-dieselhasmanyadvantagescomparedtodieselfuel.Themostimportantarethereductionofgreenhouseeffectandemissionsfromgascombustion.Bio-diesel,whichhaslowemissionsprofiles,isconsideredtobemoresustainablethanconventionaldieselsbecausethebio-componentofthesefuelsisabiodegradable,nontoxicandcleanrenewablefuelwithpropertiessimilartoconventionaldiesel.Historically,theuseofneatbio-diesels,particularlyunrefinedvegetableoils,and‘bio-rich’bio-diesel（≥B40）blendshasbeenassociatedwithreducedvehicleorengineperformance,suchasimpededfuelflows,blockedfuelfiltersandfouledinjectorsandpistonchambers.Inaddition,bio-dieseldoesnotrequiredenginemodificationandhavelowercarbonmonoxidereleasestotheatmosphereandhydrocarbonemissionsthanpetroleum-baseddieselfuelswhenburned.Bio-dieselcanbecomeanexcellentalternativefuelfordieselengineitisfreefromaromaticcompoundsandsulfur.

However,thecostofbio-dieselishighduetothehighcostofrawmaterial（about70-75%ofthetotalcost）andhighproductioncostinvolved,thoughthisfuelhasbeendevelopedaboutthreedecade.So,bio-dieselisnotcommonlyusedindailylife.Theviscosityofvegetableoilsis10-20timeshigherthanofpetroleumfuel,thereforeusingdirectlyvegetableoilsasafuelcancauseengineproblemslikeinjectorfoulingandhassomedrawbackssuchasdepositsattheinjectionsystemwithconsequentplugsorlowatomization,hardeningofseals,andlowlubricatingproperties.

Onelimitationtotheuseofbio-dieselisitstendencytocrystallizeatlowtemperaturesbelow0̊C.Methylandethylestersofvegetableoilswillcrystallizeandseparatefromdieselattemperaturesoftenexperiencedinwintertimeoperation.Suchcrystalscanplugfuellinesandfilters,causingproblemsinfuelpumpingandengineoperation.Anothermethodtoimprovethecoldflowpropertiesof8vegetableoilestersistoremovehigh-meltingsaturatedestersbyinducingcrystallizationwithcooling,aprocessknownaswinterization.

III.EXPERIMENTALSETUP

TheexperimentalsetupusedfortheprocessconsistsofvariousthingswhichareshowninFig.2.Asingle-phasesynchronousgeneratorof2kVAratingdirectlycoupledtodieselenginehasbeenused.

AFieldMarshalmake,singlecylinder,aircooled,directinjection,ModelNo.BF2dieselenginewillbeselectedfortheproducedresearchwork,whichisprimarilyusedforagricultureactivitiesandhouseholdelectricitygeneration.Theresistivetypeloadpanelconsistsofvoltmeter,currentmeter,wattmeter,andenergymeter.Theenginecanbeloadedupto2.5kWusingincandescentbulbsof100Weach.Thefuelmeasurementunitconsistsofgraduatedglasscylinder.Thetopendofthecylinderwasopenandbottomendwasfittedwithstopcock.TheoutletofstopcockwasconnectedtothefilterunitofthedieselenginebyaPolyvinylchloridepipe.TheactualImageofthetestingoperationhasbeenshowninFig.3.

Theobjectiveistomaximizethesubstitutionofdieselfuelwithbiofuelswithoutsignificantlyaffectingtheengineperformanceandsubsequentreductionofexhaustemission.Forconductingthedesiredsetofexperimentsandtogatherrequireddatafromtheengine,itisessentialtogetthevariousinstrumentsmountedattheappropriatelocationontheexperimentalsetup.

Theenginewasdirectlycoupledtoalternatorandloadedbyelectricalresistance.Theseparatefuelmeasurementunitwasconnectedwithengine.Aresistiveloadpanelwasattachedwiththeoutputofthegenerator.Firstwechecktheperformanceonpuredieselofdieseltestingengine,at10mldieselnotethereadingsi.evoltage,current.,timeconsumingof